Exam 2 Gen Bio Flashcards
lithosphere
outer crust
- plates move by magma and exert pressure AKA continental drift
what changes earth’s climate
volcanoes, meteors
order of eras
precambrian, paleozoic (Cambrian), Mesozoic, cenozoic (PPMC)
precambrian era
small aquatic life
paleozoic
Gondwana, similar O2 levels, Cambrian explosion in Cambrian era (start of paleozoic era)
450 MYA:
75% extinction
paleozoic
400 MYA
paleozoic
first vascular plants, arthropods, jawed fish
370 MYA
paleozoic
75% marine extinction
330 MYA
carboniferous period made lots of coal swamps
paleozoic
250 MYA
96% species dead
paleo to meso
220 MYA
first mammals
meso
200 MYA
65% species dead
meso
80 MYA
loss of Dinos
meso
cenozoic era
lots of plants, animal radiation
- tertiary period went from hot to cold, and mammals moved
- quaternary period had 4 major, 20 minor ice ages and hominid evolution (US)
3 major fauna
Cambrian, paleozoic, modern fauna
radial vs spherical
radial is starfish, spherical is sea urchin
acoelomate
no cavity but SPACE is filled with mesenchyme
pseudocoelomate
no inner mesoderm but still space
coelomate
has mesoderm and body cavity, muscle tissue called peritoneum
larva
immature life cycle that Is different from adult. metamorphosis to adult
dispersal stage
stage in life where animal moves so it doesn’t die where it was born
porifera
sponges, no organs, symmetry
- have spicules (hard skeletal elements) and choanocytes
cnidaria
class Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and anthozoa - diploblastic, have a gastrovascular cavity and are 2 staged
endoderm
blood vessels, organs
mesoderm
bones, muscles
ectoderm
skin
gastrulation
hollow dents in embryo
blastopore
opening in embryo
protostomes
lophotrocozoans, ecdysozoans
lophotrocozoans
internal skeleton, use cilia, lophophore, bilteral symmetry (flatworms, annelids, mollusks)
lophopore
ridge around mouth that is ciliated
flatworms
parasitic, use cilia, move away from light
annelids
seta, nephridia, segmented, have ganglia nerve center, coelomates
mollusks
have a foot more movement and support, visceral mass for organs, mantle secretes shell
chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods
chitons
multiple gills and shell plates
use foot to move
bivalves
clams, use foot to burrow and feed through incurrent siphon, move water and gametes through excurrent siphon
gastropods
move by foot (snails)
cephalopods
(squid, octopi) use excurrent siphon to move
- have good eyes
- open circulatory system
ecdysozoans
arthropods
arthropods
open circulatory system
joined appendages, exoskeleton, waterproof
crustaceans and insects
crustaceans
- head, thorax, abdomen
- specialized parts
- carapace: exoskeleton that covers head and thorax
hexapoda
have trachea to breathe with openings called spiracles
- antenna with 3 pairs of leg
- JOHNSTON”s organ
deuterostomes
all triploblastic, coelomates with internal skeletons
echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates
chordates
urochordates, cephalochordates, vertebrates
- have a dorsal hollow nerve chord, a post-anal tail, notochord and pharyngeal gills
notochord
support rod to dorsal side
- rigid but flexible
- urochordates loose it, vertebrates have skeleton
pharynx
develops around pharyngeal slits
vertebrates
have a joined vertebra, anterior skull, large brain, coelom, 4 chambered heart
jawless fish and jawed fish
amphibians, reptiles, mammals
jawed fish
gills changed to skeletal arches
- teeth
fins in chordates
pectoral fin, swim bladders
condrichthyans and ray-finned fish
condrichthyans
shark bois, cartilage skeleton
ray-finned fish
calcified bone skeleton, operculum, scaled
vertebrates on land
evolved lung sacs, joined fins
IE amphibians
amniotes
reptiles and mammals
- evolved traits to live on land
amniote egg
waterproof, walk is food, extra embryonic membrane
mammals
have sweat and mammary glands, hair, heart and egg in mother
prototherians, therians
prototherians
- echidna
- lay eggs, milk just oozes
therians
marsupials, eutherians, prosimians, anthropoids
marsupials
pouch to carry young
eutherians
placental animals, developed at birth
prosimians, anthropoids
prosimians
wet nosed primates, African. live in trees, nocturnal
antropoids
dry noted primates
new world monkeys: long tails, trees
old world monkeys: short tail
humans
homo erectus had small brains, homo sapiens is us
nervous system
fast response
endocrine system
slow response
reference point
set point
feedback info
compares state of system w/ reference point
effectors
response to stimuli and effect change
regulatory system
control the effectors. must have a sensor to sense change
feedforward information
changes the set point BEFORE stimulus
epilthelium
tissue that is barrier of body
secretes things, give info to nervous system
squamous epithelium
look flat, can stack
- simple is one cell (alveoli)
- stratified is multiple layers (skin)
columnar epithelium
look like columns
- have cilia and secrete mucus, line GI tract
cuboidal epithelium
look like cubes
- line tubes and ducts in body
muscle tissue
cells that can contract
skeletal moves bones
cardiac is heart (unconscious)
smooth is generation of force in organs (unconscious)
connective tissue
dispersed cells in an extracellular matrix
collagen, elastin, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue and blood
collagen
resistant to stretch structure for organs. dominant protein
elastin
stretchy, wall of lungs and arteries
cartilege
collagen fibres in a protein carbohydrate matrix
bone
hardened by calcium phosphate
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue W/ adipose cells store lipids, energy cushion organs
blood
cells in blood plasma, contain lots of protein
nervous tissue
neurons, glial cells
neurons
have nerve impulses (electrical signals) that travel on axons
glial cells
provide support and protection to neurons
Q10
measure of sensitivity of chem reactions
Q10 = RT/ RT-10
if 1, temp independent. if 2 or 3, reactions doubles or triples with 10 increase
fish in cold temp
will acclimatize. have different enzymes that work at different temps
ectotherms
body heat is determined by external heat
- move to sun or move to shade. regulate using BEHAVIOR
endotherms
regulate by making heat metabolically
- cells are inefficient and make heat. leaky to ions
heterotherms
sometimes is an endo or ecto
4 ways to change body temp
radiation (infrared radiation transfer from hot to cold), conduction (heat transfer by contact), convection (heat transfer to air or water as it flows), evaporation
metabolism formula
Metabolism + Rabs = R out + convection + conduction + evaporation
body temp and vessels?
low body temp, vessels constrict reducing blood flow
diference between end and actotherm
metabolic rate is higher in endotherms than exo, increase temp means increase metabolic rate for ECTO but for end, we need a stable rate
metabolic rate
rate at which an animal consumes O2, makes CO2
- endotherms can change this
thermoneutral zone
narrow range of temp where metabolic rate of endotherms is low and independent of temp
basal metabolic rate
metabolic rate of an animal at a temp in the thermoneutral zone
- consume just enough energy to carry out minimal functions
- BMR per gram tissue increases, as size decreases
shivering
done in cold temps, contractions of skeletal muscle use ATP and make heat
nonshivering in cold temp
occurs in adipose tissue where lots of mitochondria is. contains thermogenin.
thermogenin
protein that allows movement of protons across mitochondria and release heat (IN adipose tissue)
thermostat in vertebrates
hypothalmus
- when skin senses temp, it is feedforward info that shifts the set point
when is set point higher
skin is cold, higher during wake and active part of day
fever caused by
pyrogens: exogenous and endogenous
exogenous pyrogen
foreign entity tells body to heat
endogenous pyrogen
made by cells of the immune system against infection
when you get a fever
increase set point, you shiver, fever breaks and you get sweaty, then set point increases again
daily torpor
dropping of body temp during inactive part of night or day
circulating hormones
Diffuse into blood and carried to other cells
paracrine hormones
quickly degrade, only effect cells nearby
autocrine hormone
affect the cell which released it. can provide feedback for the hormone
instar
stage between moles of anthropods
St. Vincent wigglesworth
- decapitated bug at 1 hour and 1 week and found 1 week melted (must have signal that goes from heat to body)
- joined the week and hour body together and both melted so something transfers
lipid soluble hormones
can diffuse through cell membrane
water soluble hormones
are just receptors on surface of cell
types of receptors (3)
glycoproteins
- binding domain. outside membrane
- transmembrane domain. receptor in membrane
- cytoplasmic domain. extends into cytoplasm
pituitary gland
hormones made by hypothalamus are stored and released by this.
has posterior and anterior
posterior pituitary gland
neurohormones ADH and Oxytocin
ADH
controls H20 waste in body
- high secretion of H20 means kidney secretes little concentrated urine. low secretion means kidney secretes dilute urine
oxytocin
induces labor, brings flow of milk POSITIVE FEEDBACK
anterior pituitary
growth hormone, prolactin, endorphins and enkephalins
tropic hormones:
- thyrotropin, gonadotropic hormone, corticotropin
growth hormone
targets all cells to increase building blocks
prolactin
breast development, milk making
endorphine and enkephalins
NEUROTRANSMITTERS, natural opiates,
tropic hormones
target another endocrine gland
ALL negative feedback
thyrotropin
acts on thyroid
gonadotropic hormone
targets gonads
corticotropin hormone
targets adrenal gland
major mammalian glands
thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pineal
thyroid
thyroxine and calcitonin
THYROXINE
requires I2, lipid soluble, follicle cells are activated by thyrotropin
hyperthyroidism
goiter is from excess thyroxine
hypothyroidism
goiter is not enough thyroxine to turn off thyrotropin
calcitonin
lowers calcium levels in blood
- deposition into bone
- excretion by kidneys
- absorption of calcium from Gi tract
when Ca is high
calcitonin is triggered and signals more deposition of bone by OSTEOBLASTS
parathyroid glands
4 glands on surface of thyroid
- regulate blood calcium , kidneys reabsorb calcium, use vitamin D to absorb more
pancreas
has islets that have alpha, and beta cells
alpha cells
make glucagon. blood sugar down, gets liver to convert glycogen to glucose
beta cells
make insulin. binds to a receptor that allows glucose to enter, if not, glucose stays in blood
diabetes
type 1: autoimmune, irreversible
type 2: genetic, insulin insensitivity
adrenal gland
medulla and cortex
adrenal medulla
make epinephrine and norepinephrine
- amine hormones. norepinephrine binds only to alpha receptors
adrenal cortex
makes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids
glucocorticoids
cortisol mediates response to stress. controlled by corticotropin from anterior pituitary gland
mineralcorticoids
aldosterone gets kidney to conserve sodium , excrete potassium
sex steroids
male has testosterone (androgen) and female has estrogen (specifically estradiol) and progesterone
GONADOTROPIC HORMONE
during puberty
leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone help puberty occur GONADOTROPIC HORMONE
pineal gland
between halves on brain
- amine hormone melatonin
photoperiodicity
- seasonal changes in day cause change in animals
thymosin:
produced by thymus, develop T-cells for immunity
gastrin
digestive enzyme that releases more digestive enzyme
