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Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Exam 2 Gen Bio > Flashcards

Exam 2 Gen Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lithosphere

A

outer crust

- plates move by magma and exert pressure AKA continental drift

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2
Q

what changes earth’s climate

A

volcanoes, meteors

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3
Q

order of eras

A

precambrian, paleozoic (Cambrian), Mesozoic, cenozoic (PPMC)

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4
Q

precambrian era

A

small aquatic life

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5
Q

paleozoic

A

Gondwana, similar O2 levels, Cambrian explosion in Cambrian era (start of paleozoic era)

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6
Q

450 MYA:

A

75% extinction

paleozoic

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7
Q

400 MYA

A

paleozoic

first vascular plants, arthropods, jawed fish

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8
Q

370 MYA

A

paleozoic

75% marine extinction

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9
Q

330 MYA

A

carboniferous period made lots of coal swamps

paleozoic

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10
Q

250 MYA

A

96% species dead

paleo to meso

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11
Q

220 MYA

A

first mammals

meso

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12
Q

200 MYA

A

65% species dead

meso

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13
Q

80 MYA

A

loss of Dinos

meso

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14
Q

cenozoic era

A

lots of plants, animal radiation

  • tertiary period went from hot to cold, and mammals moved
  • quaternary period had 4 major, 20 minor ice ages and hominid evolution (US)
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15
Q

3 major fauna

A

Cambrian, paleozoic, modern fauna

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16
Q

radial vs spherical

A

radial is starfish, spherical is sea urchin

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17
Q

acoelomate

A

no cavity but SPACE is filled with mesenchyme

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18
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

no inner mesoderm but still space

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19
Q

coelomate

A

has mesoderm and body cavity, muscle tissue called peritoneum

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20
Q

larva

A

immature life cycle that Is different from adult. metamorphosis to adult

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21
Q

dispersal stage

A

stage in life where animal moves so it doesn’t die where it was born

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22
Q

porifera

A

sponges, no organs, symmetry

- have spicules (hard skeletal elements) and choanocytes

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23
Q

cnidaria

A 
class Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and anthozoa
- diploblastic, have a gastrovascular cavity and are 2 staged
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24
Q

endoderm

A

blood vessels, organs

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25
Q

mesoderm

A

bones, muscles

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26
Q

ectoderm

A

skin

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27
Q

gastrulation

A

hollow dents in embryo

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28
Q

blastopore

A

opening in embryo

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29
Q

protostomes

A

lophotrocozoans, ecdysozoans

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30
Q

lophotrocozoans

A

internal skeleton, use cilia, lophophore, bilteral symmetry (flatworms, annelids, mollusks)

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31
Q

lophopore

A

ridge around mouth that is ciliated

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32
Q

flatworms

A

parasitic, use cilia, move away from light

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33
Q

annelids

A

seta, nephridia, segmented, have ganglia nerve center, coelomates

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34
Q

mollusks

A

have a foot more movement and support, visceral mass for organs, mantle secretes shell

chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

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35
Q

chitons

A

multiple gills and shell plates

use foot to move

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36
Q

bivalves

A

clams, use foot to burrow and feed through incurrent siphon, move water and gametes through excurrent siphon

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37
Q

gastropods

A

move by foot (snails)

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38
Q

cephalopods

A

(squid, octopi) use excurrent siphon to move

  • have good eyes
  • open circulatory system
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39
Q

ecdysozoans

A

arthropods

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40
Q

arthropods

A

open circulatory system
joined appendages, exoskeleton, waterproof

crustaceans and insects

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41
Q

crustaceans

A
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • specialized parts
  • carapace: exoskeleton that covers head and thorax
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42
Q

hexapoda

A

have trachea to breathe with openings called spiracles

  • antenna with 3 pairs of leg
  • JOHNSTON”s organ
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43
Q

deuterostomes

A

all triploblastic, coelomates with internal skeletons

echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates

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44
Q

chordates

A

urochordates, cephalochordates, vertebrates

- have a dorsal hollow nerve chord, a post-anal tail, notochord and pharyngeal gills

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45
Q

notochord

A

support rod to dorsal side

  • rigid but flexible
  • urochordates loose it, vertebrates have skeleton
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46
Q

pharynx

A

develops around pharyngeal slits

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47
Q

vertebrates

A

have a joined vertebra, anterior skull, large brain, coelom, 4 chambered heart

jawless fish and jawed fish

amphibians, reptiles, mammals

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48
Q

jawed fish

A

gills changed to skeletal arches

- teeth

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49
Q

fins in chordates

A

pectoral fin, swim bladders

condrichthyans and ray-finned fish

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50
Q

condrichthyans

A

shark bois, cartilage skeleton

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51
Q

ray-finned fish

A

calcified bone skeleton, operculum, scaled

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52
Q

vertebrates on land

A

evolved lung sacs, joined fins

IE amphibians

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53
Q

amniotes

A

reptiles and mammals

- evolved traits to live on land

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54
Q

amniote egg

A

waterproof, walk is food, extra embryonic membrane

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55
Q

mammals

A

have sweat and mammary glands, hair, heart and egg in mother

prototherians, therians

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56
Q

prototherians

A
  • echidna

- lay eggs, milk just oozes

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57
Q

therians

A

marsupials, eutherians, prosimians, anthropoids

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58
Q

marsupials

A

pouch to carry young

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59
Q

eutherians

A

placental animals, developed at birth

prosimians, anthropoids

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60
Q

prosimians

A

wet nosed primates, African. live in trees, nocturnal

61
Q

antropoids

A

dry noted primates

new world monkeys: long tails, trees
old world monkeys: short tail

62
Q

humans

A

homo erectus had small brains, homo sapiens is us

63
Q

nervous system

A

fast response

64
Q

endocrine system

A

slow response

65
Q

reference point

A

set point

66
Q

feedback info

A

compares state of system w/ reference point

67
Q

effectors

A

response to stimuli and effect change

68
Q

regulatory system

A

control the effectors. must have a sensor to sense change

69
Q

feedforward information

A

changes the set point BEFORE stimulus

70
Q

epilthelium

A

tissue that is barrier of body

secretes things, give info to nervous system

71
Q

squamous epithelium

A

look flat, can stack

  • simple is one cell (alveoli)
  • stratified is multiple layers (skin)
72
Q

columnar epithelium

A

look like columns

- have cilia and secrete mucus, line GI tract

73
Q

cuboidal epithelium

A

look like cubes

- line tubes and ducts in body

74
Q

muscle tissue

A

cells that can contract
skeletal moves bones
cardiac is heart (unconscious)
smooth is generation of force in organs (unconscious)

75
Q

connective tissue

A

dispersed cells in an extracellular matrix

collagen, elastin, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue and blood

76
Q

collagen

A

resistant to stretch structure for organs. dominant protein

77
Q

elastin

A

stretchy, wall of lungs and arteries

78
Q

cartilege

A

collagen fibres in a protein carbohydrate matrix

79
Q

bone

A

hardened by calcium phosphate

80
Q

adipose tissue

A

loose connective tissue W/ adipose cells store lipids, energy cushion organs

81
Q

blood

A

cells in blood plasma, contain lots of protein

82
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons, glial cells

83
Q

neurons

A

have nerve impulses (electrical signals) that travel on axons

84
Q

glial cells

A

provide support and protection to neurons

85
Q

Q10

A

measure of sensitivity of chem reactions

Q10 = RT/ RT-10

if 1, temp independent. if 2 or 3, reactions doubles or triples with 10 increase

86
Q

fish in cold temp

A

will acclimatize. have different enzymes that work at different temps

87
Q

ectotherms

A

body heat is determined by external heat

- move to sun or move to shade. regulate using BEHAVIOR

88
Q

endotherms

A

regulate by making heat metabolically

- cells are inefficient and make heat. leaky to ions

89
Q

heterotherms

A

sometimes is an endo or ecto

90
Q

4 ways to change body temp

A

radiation (infrared radiation transfer from hot to cold), conduction (heat transfer by contact), convection (heat transfer to air or water as it flows), evaporation

91
Q

metabolism formula

A

Metabolism + Rabs = R out + convection + conduction + evaporation

92
Q

body temp and vessels?

A

low body temp, vessels constrict reducing blood flow

93
Q

diference between end and actotherm

A

metabolic rate is higher in endotherms than exo, increase temp means increase metabolic rate for ECTO but for end, we need a stable rate

94
Q

metabolic rate

A

rate at which an animal consumes O2, makes CO2

- endotherms can change this

95
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

narrow range of temp where metabolic rate of endotherms is low and independent of temp

96
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate of an animal at a temp in the thermoneutral zone

  • consume just enough energy to carry out minimal functions
  • BMR per gram tissue increases, as size decreases
97
Q

shivering

A

done in cold temps, contractions of skeletal muscle use ATP and make heat

98
Q

nonshivering in cold temp

A

occurs in adipose tissue where lots of mitochondria is. contains thermogenin.

99
Q

thermogenin

A

protein that allows movement of protons across mitochondria and release heat (IN adipose tissue)

100
Q

thermostat in vertebrates

A

hypothalmus

- when skin senses temp, it is feedforward info that shifts the set point

101
Q

when is set point higher

A

skin is cold, higher during wake and active part of day

102
Q

fever caused by

A

pyrogens: exogenous and endogenous

103
Q

exogenous pyrogen

A

foreign entity tells body to heat

104
Q

endogenous pyrogen

A

made by cells of the immune system against infection

105
Q

when you get a fever

A

increase set point, you shiver, fever breaks and you get sweaty, then set point increases again

106
Q

daily torpor

A

dropping of body temp during inactive part of night or day

107
Q

circulating hormones

A

Diffuse into blood and carried to other cells

108
Q

paracrine hormones

A

quickly degrade, only effect cells nearby

109
Q

autocrine hormone

A

affect the cell which released it. can provide feedback for the hormone

110
Q

instar

A

stage between moles of anthropods

111
Q

St. Vincent wigglesworth

A
  1. decapitated bug at 1 hour and 1 week and found 1 week melted (must have signal that goes from heat to body)
  2. joined the week and hour body together and both melted so something transfers
112
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

can diffuse through cell membrane

113
Q

water soluble hormones

A

are just receptors on surface of cell

114
Q

types of receptors (3)

A

glycoproteins

  1. binding domain. outside membrane
  2. transmembrane domain. receptor in membrane
  3. cytoplasmic domain. extends into cytoplasm
115
Q

pituitary gland

A

hormones made by hypothalamus are stored and released by this.

has posterior and anterior

116
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohormones ADH and Oxytocin

117
Q

ADH

A

controls H20 waste in body
- high secretion of H20 means kidney secretes little concentrated urine. low secretion means kidney secretes dilute urine

118
Q

oxytocin

A

induces labor, brings flow of milk POSITIVE FEEDBACK

119
Q

anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone, prolactin, endorphins and enkephalins

tropic hormones:
- thyrotropin, gonadotropic hormone, corticotropin

120
Q

growth hormone

A

targets all cells to increase building blocks

121
Q

prolactin

A

breast development, milk making

122
Q

endorphine and enkephalins

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS, natural opiates,

123
Q

tropic hormones

A

target another endocrine gland

ALL negative feedback

124
Q

thyrotropin

A

acts on thyroid

125
Q

gonadotropic hormone

A

targets gonads

126
Q

corticotropin hormone

A

targets adrenal gland

127
Q

major mammalian glands

A

thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pineal

128
Q

thyroid

A

thyroxine and calcitonin

129
Q

THYROXINE

A

requires I2, lipid soluble, follicle cells are activated by thyrotropin

130
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

goiter is from excess thyroxine

131
Q

hypothyroidism

A

goiter is not enough thyroxine to turn off thyrotropin

132
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers calcium levels in blood

  1. deposition into bone
  2. excretion by kidneys
  3. absorption of calcium from Gi tract
133
Q

when Ca is high

A

calcitonin is triggered and signals more deposition of bone by OSTEOBLASTS

134
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4 glands on surface of thyroid

- regulate blood calcium , kidneys reabsorb calcium, use vitamin D to absorb more

135
Q

pancreas

A

has islets that have alpha, and beta cells

136
Q

alpha cells

A

make glucagon. blood sugar down, gets liver to convert glycogen to glucose

137
Q

beta cells

A

make insulin. binds to a receptor that allows glucose to enter, if not, glucose stays in blood

138
Q

diabetes

A

type 1: autoimmune, irreversible

type 2: genetic, insulin insensitivity

139
Q

adrenal gland

A

medulla and cortex

140
Q

adrenal medulla

A

make epinephrine and norepinephrine

- amine hormones. norepinephrine binds only to alpha receptors

141
Q

adrenal cortex

A

makes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids

142
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol mediates response to stress. controlled by corticotropin from anterior pituitary gland

143
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone gets kidney to conserve sodium , excrete potassium

144
Q

sex steroids

A

male has testosterone (androgen) and female has estrogen (specifically estradiol) and progesterone

GONADOTROPIC HORMONE

145
Q

during puberty

A

leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone help puberty occur GONADOTROPIC HORMONE

146
Q

pineal gland

A

between halves on brain

- amine hormone melatonin

147
Q

photoperiodicity

A
  • seasonal changes in day cause change in animals
148
Q

thymosin:

A

produced by thymus, develop T-cells for immunity

149
Q

gastrin

A

digestive enzyme that releases more digestive enzyme

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) (18 decks)

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