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Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Ch 39 (Exm 2) > Flashcards

Ch 39 (Exm 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of stable conditions in the internal environment

  • to maintain homeostasis, physiological systems must be able to respond and react to changes in the environment
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2
Q

all actions are controlled by

A

nervous and endocrine systems

change things through stimulus from the external environment

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3
Q

reference point

A

set point, the normal thing

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4
Q

feedback information

A

comparing the state of the system with the reference point

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5
Q

error signal

A

any difference between set point and feedback information is off from homeostasis

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6
Q

responses to stimuli are going to come from

A

effectors: effect change in environment

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7
Q

to change things

A

must have a sensor

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8
Q

negative feedback

A
  • most common

- effectors will reduce or reverse the influence of the error signal

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9
Q

positive feedback

A
  • effector will amplify the response to the stimuli
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10
Q

feedforward information

A

will change the initial set point before the stimulus occurs, anticipated response I.e anxiety can cause heart rate increase etc. before the stimulus actually occurs

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11
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

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12
Q

epithelium

A
  • covering of body

- includes squamous, columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells

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13
Q

function of epithelium

A

secretion of stuff, provide nervous system information, create boundary,

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14
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

means one cell layer only. Found in capillaries that surround the alveoli and in tissues. Usually for exchanging nutrients

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15
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

have multiple layers. Ex. Is skin that constantly replenish

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16
Q

columnar epithelium

A

look like columns. Sometimes have cilia and secrete mucus. They line your stomach and GI tracts and respiratory tracts. The cilia help absorb nutrients or move the mucus up or down.

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17
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

look like cubes. They line the tubes and ducts in the body

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18
Q

muscle tissue

A

elongated cells that contract to generate force and cause movement. use most energy of the body

three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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19
Q

skeletal muscle

A

conscious, responsible for locomotion

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20
Q

cardiac muscle

A

make up the heart, involuntary

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21
Q

smooth muscle

A

responsible for movement and generation of force in organs, in the Gi tract and blood vessels

involuntary

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22
Q

connective tissues

A

2 types: collagen and elastin

  • dispersed populations of cells in extracellular matrix. matrix varies with type
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23
Q

collagen

A
  • dominant protein in the matrix, most abundant, fibres are strong and resistant to stretch, in between bones, give organs shape
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24
Q

elastin

A
  • another protein in the extracellular matrix
  • can be stretched
  • found in lungs and arteries
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25
Q

cartilage

A
  • collagen in a flexible matrix of protein-carbs
  • lines joints
  • resistant to compression and support
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26
Q

bone

A

extracellular matrix hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate

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27
Q

adipose tissue

A

loose tissue that contains adipose cells

  • cells store lipids, good energy source
  • cushions organs
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28
Q

blood

A

cells in blood plasma

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29
Q

nervous tissue

A

made up of neutrons and glial cells

30
Q

neurons

A

nerve impulses: encode information as electrical signals

axons: long extensions of neutrons that impulses travel over

nerve impulses will release chemical signals that bind to receptors on target cells

31
Q

glial cells

A

provide support and protection to neurons

32
Q

Q10

A

a measure of temperature sensitivity of chemical reactions

33
Q

calculations of Q10

A

Q10 = RT/ RT-10

if it is not temp sensitive, it is 1

if it is 2 or 3, it means that the reaction rate doubles or triples with temp increase by 10

34
Q

RT

A

is homeostatic temp

35
Q

temperature and Q10

A

temp changes can disrupt physiology

- very few proteins are temp independent

36
Q

animals and temp change

A

animals can acclimatize to seasonal temp

  • enzymatic processes are slower in winter
37
Q

ectotherms

A

animals whose body is determined by external sources of heat

38
Q

endotherms

A

animals who can regulate body temp by producing heat metabolically or using mechanisms of heat loss

39
Q

heterotherm

A

animal that behaves both ectoderm or endotherm

- hibernation

40
Q

endotherm heat production

A

endotherm cells are less efficient at using energy

  • loose a lot of ATP in the form of heat
  • cells are more leaky to ions so must use energy to maintain concentration
41
Q

major difference btw end and ectotherms

A

resting metabolic rates. much higher in endotherms

-

42
Q

end and ectotherms in changing temp

A

??

43
Q

lizards ectotherm behaviour

A

changes in body temp due to behaviour to alter heat exchange with the environment

  • spend time in the burrow, basking in sun
  • no metabolic process used
44
Q

see graphs of temp on the slides

A

please

45
Q

4 avenues of body temp regulation

A

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

46
Q

radiation

A

heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via exchange of radiation

47
Q

conduction

A

heat transfers directly when objects come in contact

48
Q

convection

A

heat transfers to a surrounding medium like air that flows over a surface

49
Q

evaporation

A

heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on its

50
Q

energy budget

A

total balance of heat production and heat exchange

51
Q

Rabs

A

entering heat- radiation absorbed

52
Q

Rout

A

exiting heat, radiation transmitted, convection, conduction, evaporation

53
Q

metabolism is

A

Metabolism + R abs = Rout + convection + conduction+ evaporation

54
Q

blood flow and heat

A

both ectotherms and endotherms control blood flow to skin

when body temp is cool, blood vessels constrict reducing blood flow to skin

when body temp is increased, blood flow increases

55
Q

metabolic rate

A

the rate at which an animal consumes O2 and produces CO2

56
Q

how do endotherms respond to changes in environment

A

changing metabolic rate

57
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

narrow range of temps where the metabolic rate is low and independent of temp in endotherms

58
Q

basal metabolic rate

A
  • metabolic rate of a resting animal at a temperature in the thermoneutral zone
  • Consuming just enough energy to carry out minimal body functions
    • BMRs are correlated with body size and environmental temperature:
    • BMRs per gram of tissue increases as animals get smaller
59
Q

how to endotherms respond to cold

A

shiver: use contractions of skeletal muscle to consume amp and make heat

brown fat: occurs in specialized adipose tissue, has a lot of mitochondria and rich blood supply

60
Q

thermogenin

A

protein that allows movement of protons across mitochondrial membranes rather than having to generate ATP, heat is still released

(way endotherms keep warm)

61
Q

evaporation of water to dissipate heat

A

takes of a lot of heat

62
Q

how do vertebrates use feedback info

A

thermostat- hypothalamus
very small

-Cooling the hypothalamus causes constriction of blood vessels and increase
in metabolic processes
- Warming of hypothalamus results in dilation of blood vessels, sweating, panting

skin registers temp change –> feedforward information that shifts the hypothalamic set point

63
Q

when are set points higher

A

Set points are higher during wake than during sleep
Higher during active part of the day than inactive

  • Set point for metabolic heat production is higher when skin is cold, lower when skin is warm
64
Q

how is cold sometimes feedforward

A

If you go into cold directly, you won’t feel it immediately. Body can change the set point so you don’t feel as cold and get a little warmer. Does this so you don’t have an effector response all the time.

65
Q

Fever

A

body’s set point will change to pyrogens

Pyrogens are chemicals that travel to the hypothalamus to increase the set point

66
Q

Exogenous (fever)

A

produced by cells of the immune system in response to infection

come from outside, a foreign entity is telling body to heat up
This means body recognizes the foreign entity and doesn’t like it

67
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

produced by cells of the immune system in response to infection

come from inside

68
Q

fever and pyrogens

A

Presence of a pyrogen causes a rise in the hypothalamic set point
You shiver, cover up until you no longer feel cold…others feel your fever

69
Q

Hypothermia

A

a state of below normal body temperature

Some animals use “regulated hypothermia” to survive periods of cold and food scarcity

70
Q

Daily torpor

A

dropping body temp during inactive part of night or day

71
Q

Hibernation

A

regulated hypothermia that lasts days or weeks. Drop to very low body temperature, maximizes energy conservation

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) (18 decks)

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