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Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Ch 30-32 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Ch 30-32 (exam 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • life cycles are patterns of development
  • heterotrophs
  • use internal processes to break down food
  • can move
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2
Q

morphological synapomorphies

A

many organisms have similar extracellular molecules and types of junctions between cells

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3
Q

body plan

A

the general structure, arrangement of organ systems, and integrated functioning of its parts

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4
Q

4 key features that can be similar in body plan

A
  1. symmetry
  2. structure of body cavity
  3. segmentation of the body
  4. external appendages that move the body
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5
Q

Spherical symmetry

A

– body parts radiate out from a central point (unicellular protists)

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6
Q

Radial symmetry

A

one main axis around which body parts are arranged (ctenphores and cnidarians)

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7
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

can be divided into mirror images by a single plane

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8
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • lack an inclosed, fluid filled body cavity
  • Space between gut and muscular body wall filled with cells called mesenchyme
  • Typically move by beating cilia (flatworms)
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9
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • fluid filled space in which many of the internal organs are suspended
  • Pseudoceol is enclosed by muscles on its outside, no inner layer of mesoderm
  • surrounding organs (roundworms)
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10
Q

Coelomate

A

– have a body cavity that develops within the mesoderm

  • Lined with a layer of muscular tissue called peritoneum
  • Coelom is enclosed on both the inside and outside by mesoderm (earthworms)
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11
Q

Segmentation improves

A

control of movement

  • Facilitates specialization of different body regions
  • Allows animals to alter shape of body
  • Can control movements precisely
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12
Q

Appendages enhance

A

locomotion:
Obtain food, avoid predators, find mates,
find suitable habitats

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13
Q

animals that move are

A

motile

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14
Q

animals that don’t move are

A

sessile

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15
Q

types of feeding strategies

A
  • filter feeding to capture small orgs
  • herbivores
  • predators
  • parasites
  • detritivores
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16
Q

filter feeding

A
  • use a strainer
  • can rely on water current
  • sponges bring in water by beating flagella of choanocytes
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17
Q

Herbivores

A
  • usually eat one plant and don’t kill it

- expend energy digesting and have long guts

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18
Q

Predators

A
  • capture prey

- have sharp sensors or toxins

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19
Q

Parasites

A
  • live in or on something else

- have to overcome host defences

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20
Q

endoparasite

A

live in hosrt

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21
Q

ectoparasite

A

live outside hosrt

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22
Q

life cycle

A

embryonic development, birth, growth to maturity, reproduction, and death

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23
Q

Larva

A

an immature life cycle that has a form different from that of the adults

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24
Q

Metamorphosis

A

radical changes in life cycles (butterflies, beetles, flies)

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25
Q

dispersal stage

A

animals moves so that it does not die where it was born

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26
Q

trade-off

A

No life cycle can maximize all benefits – the characteristics of an animal in one life cycle may improve its performance in one activity but reduce its performance in another

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27
Q

Parasite life cycles

A
  • evolved to facilitate dispersal and overcome host defenses
  • Energy cost to obtain food may be low but cost of overcoming host defenses may be high
  • Must disperse to new hosts (if host dies, they die)
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28
Q

Phyla Porifera

A

sponges

  • no symmetry
  • spicules
  • beat choanocytes to filter feed
  • asexual and sexual
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29
Q

Phyla Cnidaria

A
  • hydrozoans, jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals

- have a gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion, circulation, gas exchange

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30
Q

life cycle of cnidaria

A

polyp, sessile and reproduce by budding,

medusa is the jellyfish.

  • planula will settle on the bottom and develop into a polyp
    (See a picture)
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31
Q

medusa structure

A
  • Floats with mouth and feeding tentacles turned downward
  • Produce egg and sperm and release them to the water
  • Fertilized egg develops into free-swimming larva called planula
  • planula settles and turns into a polyp
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32
Q

class Scyphozoa

A

in cnidaria jellyfish, sea jellies

  • medusa dom
  • male or female medusa
  • polyp will grow, Budd off other polyps and release medusae
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33
Q

class hydrozoa

A

in cnidaria hydras, hydroids

  • polyp dom and colonial
  • single large gives rise to a colony of polyps sharing one gastrovascular cavity
  • can have nematocysts to catch food, defend colony
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34
Q

class anothozoa

A

sea anemones, coral

anemones

  • sessile
  • have nematocysts covered in tentacles

corals

  • sessile and colonial
  • polyps form a skeleton that deposit calcium carbonate
  • endosymbiotic
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35
Q

gastrulation

A

During early development and hollow ball indents in embryo

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36
Q

blastopore

A

The opening of the cavity

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37
Q

Protostomes

A

mouth arises from blastopore

  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • anterior brain that surrounds the entrance to the digestive tract
  • ventral nervous system consisting of paired or fused nerve chords
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38
Q

Deuterostomes

A

blastopore becomes anus

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39
Q

protostome clades

A

Arthropods, Mollusks, Lophotrochozoans and the Ecdysozoans

40
Q

arthropod modification of body cavity

A

ost the enclosed body vessels and instead have a hemocoel “blood chamber” -

41
Q

mollusks modification of body cavity

A

also have open circulatory system but retain connective tissue around major organs

42
Q

Endoderm

A

will be a lot of inner lining, blood vessels, organs and systems:

43
Q

mesoderm

A

bones, muscles etc.

44
Q

ectoderm

A

skin

45
Q

Lophotrochozoans (Protostomes)

A
  • internal skeleton
  • use cilia to move
  • have a lophophore and are mostly sessile
  • many are like worms, bilaterally symmetrical and legless
46
Q

Ecdysozoans (Protostomes)

A
  • have an exoskeleton that they molt made of chitin
  • some have think flexible skeleton called cuticle
  • had to evolve gases if hard shell but cuticle works
47
Q

lophopore (Protostomes)

A

ridge around the mouth that has ciliated hollow
tentacles

in lophotrochozoans

48
Q

lophotrocozoans flatworms (Protostomes)

A

flatworms, rotifers, ribbon worms

  • no gas exchange organ
  • have chemoreceptor eye spots
  • move by cillia
  • parasitic
49
Q

lophotrocozoans annelids (Protostomes)

A
  • segmented
  • have a coelom
  • have a nerve centre called a ganglion
  • have a body that does gas exchange
  • restricted to moist
50
Q

lophotrocozoans mollusks (Protostomes)

A
  • foot: used for locomotion and support
  • visceral mass: all the organs
  • mantle secretes the shell
51
Q

mollusca clade (Protostomes)

A

chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

52
Q

`chitons (Protostomes)

A
  • multiple gills and shell plates
  • Bi symmetry
  • moves slow by foot
53
Q

bivalves (Protostomes)

A

`- clams, oysters etc

  • hinged
  • use foot to burrow
  • bring in water through incurrent siphon
54
Q

gastropods (Protostomes)

A
  • snails, limpets etc
  • move by gliding on foot
  • live on land
  • mantle can be modified into lung
55
Q

cephalopods (Protostomes)

A
  • squids, octopi etc,
  • excurrent siphon is modified to move
  • capture with tentacles
  • have eyes
56
Q

Ecdysozoans (Protostomes)

A

tardigrade

57
Q

why are arthropods successful (Protostomes)

A
  • segmented
  • joint appendages
  • exoskeleton
  • waterproofing
58
Q

4 groups of arthropods (Protostomes)

A

Crustaceans – shrimpls, crabs, barnacles

Hexapods – insects

Myriapods – millipedes and
centipedes

Chelicerates – arachnids (spiders, scorpians, mites)

59
Q

crustaceans (Protostomes)

A
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • head can be fused
  • each segment has a set of appendages
  • appendages are specialized for gas exchange, chewing, sensing etc.
60
Q

carapace (Protostomes)

A

(extension of exoskeleton) may extend back from head to cover head and thorax in crustaceans

61
Q

insects (Protostomes)

A
  • three regions
  • have tracheae to breathe that open from spiracles
  • antenna
62
Q

– Johnston’s organ (Protostomes)

A

Insects can be distinguished from other hexapods by external mouthparts and
paired antennae that contain a sensory organ

63
Q

deuterstomes categories

A

echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates

64
Q

chordate clades

A

Urochordates, Cephalocordates, Vertebrates

65
Q

all chordates have

A

A dorsal hollow nerve cord
A tail that extends beyond the anus
A dorsal supporting rod called the notochord

66
Q

notochord

A
  • large cells with fluid-filled vacuoles
  • in urochodates, this is lost to adult
  • in vertebrates, it is a skeletal structure
67
Q

pharynx

A

develops aroundd slits

like lungs

68
Q

vertebrates

A

have a jointed, dorsal vertebral column that replaces the notochord

  • internal skeleton
  • large brain with an ab anterior skull
  • coelom
  • developed circulatory system
69
Q

new features in the chordates

A

jawless fish, jawed fish, teeth, fins and swim bladders

70
Q

jawless fish

A

hagfish and lampreys

71
Q

jawed fish

A

evolved through the gills

72
Q

teeth

A

breaks up prey and helps get nutrients

73
Q

fins

A

help stabilize and move through water

74
Q

pectoral fins

A

behind gills

75
Q

pelvic fins

A

anterior to anal region

76
Q

swim bladders

A
  • depth control
77
Q

Chondrichthyans

A
  • sharks, rays
  • skeleton of cartelige
  • live on ocean floor
78
Q

Ray finned fishes:

A
  • have calcified bone structures
  • covered with scales
  • gills covered by an operculum that help push water over them
79
Q

how did vertebrates move to land

A

lung sacs and joined fins helped to breathe and walk

lungfishes have joined fins

80
Q

amphibians

A
  • Caecilians, Anurans, Urodela
    • First Tetrapods on land!
  • must be moist
  • lay eggs in water
81
Q

amniotes

A
  • live terrestrially
82
Q

amniote egg

A
  • impermeable to water
  • protected but still gas exchange
  • stores food as yolk
  • extra-embryonic membranes protect embryo from drying out
83
Q

mammals

A
  • sweat
  • mammary glands
  • haor
  • 4 chambered heart
  • in body fertilization
84
Q

mammal groups

A

protherians and therians

85
Q

protherians

A

duck-billed platypus, echidnas

  • lack a placenta
  • have sprawling legs
  • supply milk for young
86
Q

therians

A

two groups are marsupials and eutherians

87
Q

marsupials

A
  • females have ventral pouch
  • gestation is brief
  • cannot fly
88
Q

eutherians

A
  • have a placenta
  • young are developed at birth
  • have teeth
89
Q

eutherian categories

A

prosimians/ wet-nosed primates

anthropoids/ dry-nose primates

90
Q

prosimians/ wet-nosed primates

A

lemurs

  • only found in afraid, madagascar
  • live in trees
91
Q

anthropoids/ dry-nose primates

A
  • old and new world monkeys
92
Q

new world monkeys

A
  • long tailed live in trees
93
Q

old world monkey

A

live in trees, no tail

94
Q

what characterize the primates

A
  • bipedal locomotion
95
Q

homo erectus

A
  • made fire

- 1.6 million years ago

96
Q

homo sapiens

A

200,000 years ago

  • jaw size decrease
  • communicate

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) (18 decks)

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