Ch 22 (Ch 2)

Question 1

Lineage Species Concept

Answer 1

think of species as branches on a tree

Question 2

Speciation

Answer 2

the process in which one species splits into two or more daughter species which then evolve as distinct lineages

Question 3

Reproductive isolation

Answer 3

two populations cannot reproduce together anymore therefore speciated

Question 4

Each species has a history that starts at a

Answer 4

speciation event

Question 5

morphological species concept

Answer 5

binomial system of nomenclature based on the appearance of each species LIMITS: sexual dimorphism or life cycles ie caterpillar to butterfly

Question 6

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 6

is when the female looks way different than male (ex, female is brown, while male is colourful)

Question 7

biological species concept

Answer 7

reproductive isolation is big factor

Individuals of a population mate with one another but not with individuals of another population

They form distinct groups within which genes will recombine

Become independent evolutionary units

Question 8

allopatric speciation

Answer 8

• physical barrier

Question 9

sympatric speciation

Answer 9

More about how developmental processes can change slowly over time
- dominant mode of speciation

Question 10

Polyploidy

Answer 10

multiple copies of chromosomes than is necessary in certain gametes
blank: Most common means of sympatric speciation
Can change the genetic makeup of a population
- fruits can survive this

Question 11

Temporal isolation

Answer 11

when organisms reproduce, it is on certain cycles (night vs day, or months) and they start to deviate

Question 12

autopolyploidy

Answer 12

Can arise from chromosome duplications in a single species

Question 13

allopolyploidy

Answer 13

from combining chromosomes from two different species (ex. 23 and 26 don’t line up)

Question 14

Geographic isolation

Answer 14

does not guarantee reproductive isolation
ex. Sycamore trees across the world can still reproduce
There has not really been a direct selective pressure for them to change much

Question 15

Allopolyploids

Answer 15

may also be produced when individuals of two different (but closely related) species interbreed (hybridize). often are fertile

Question 16

types of reproductive isolation

Answer 16

pre and post zygotic reproductive barriers

Question 17

prezygotic

Answer 17

Temporal, Gametic, Behavioural, mechanical,habitat

Question 18

Temporal isolation

Answer 18

mating periods that do not overlap

Question 19

Gametic isolation

Answer 19

the organisms have different sperms and eggs that don’t recognize each other

Question 20

Behavioural isolation

Answer 20

they don’t recognize the mating rituals like dancing or singing as mating opportunities

Question 21

Post zygote

Answer 21

Low hybrids zygote, Low hybrid adult viability, Hybrid infertilize, Reinforcement

Question 22

Low hybrid zygote viability

Answer 22

zygotes fail to mature normally, or cannot mate as adults

Question 23

Low hybrid adult viability

Answer 23

hybrid offspring may survive less well

Question 24

Hybrid infertility

Answer 24

hybrids are infertile

Question 25

reinforcement

Answer 25

strengthening of the prezygotic barriers

Question 26

hybrid zone

Answer 26

forms when reproductive isolation is incomplete

Question 27

Evolutionary Radiation

Answer 27

a lot of new species from one ancestor in the area come up

Question 28

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 28

if all organisms from one common ancestor are successful in new environment, this is adaptive radiation.

Likely to occur in environments with abundant resources
Common on islands, after mass extinctions, bottlenecks

ie founder effect

Question 29

How can we recognize and identify species?

Answer 29

We recognize most species by their appearance

Question 30

How do species form over time?

Answer 30

reproductive isolation through a type of speciation

Question 31

How do species remain separate?

Answer 31

pre and post zygotic barriers

Question 32

mechanical isolation

Answer 32

the bits don’t fit

Question 33

HABITAT ISOLATION

Answer 33

they would never meet each other

Question 34

if hybrids are fit,

Answer 34

no new species develops as new genes are introduced to population

Question 35

if hybrid is not fit

Answer 35

complete reproductive isolation evolves as reinforcement strengthens prezygotic barriers

Question 36

more individuals means

Answer 36

the larger the possibility that new species can form or species can hybridize

Question 37

• more species living in an area

Answer 37

the more whose ranges will be cut by barriers

Question 38

• more specialized traits

Answer 38

are more likely to diverge as they can’t adapt

Question 39

• mechanisms of sexual selection result in

Answer 39

increased rates of speciation

Question 40

Dispersal ability

Answer 40

speciation rate depends on – pollination mechanisms and limitations on movement