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Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Ch 40 (Exm 2) > Flashcards

Ch 40 (Exm 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A

Chemical signals for the control and regulation of cells

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2
Q

hormones are secreted by cells of the __

A

endocrine system into the extracellular fluid

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3
Q

Endocrine gland

A

group of endocrine cells that form a secretory organ

Secrete hormone directly into the extra cellular fluid

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4
Q

Circulating hormones

A

diffuse into blood and are carried to target cells throughout the body (ex: testosterone)

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5
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

released and affect only cells nearby
- Small amounts released, quickly taken up by local cells, or quickly degraded so they do not diffuse into circulations
Ex: histamine

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6
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

affect the same cell which released the hormone

- Can provide negative feedback for production of the hormone

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7
Q

Growth in arthropods is episodic

A

punctuated with molts

Each stage between molts is called an instar

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8
Q

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth

A

and his
experiments with the blood-sucking
insect Rhodnius
A blood meal triggers each molting event

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9
Q

hormones and evolution

A
  • signaling molecules themselves (hormones) are highly conserved but functions may differ
  • Plants have hormones
  • Sponges have chemical communication similar to hormone activation

hormones in insects

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10
Q

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth exp 2

A

decapitated two bugs at different times after blood meal
Connected bugs with glass tubing
Both molted!

Substance from bug decapitated 1 week earlier
must have diffused to other bug and
Stimulated molting

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11
Q

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth conclusion

A 
Endocrine and Nervous system 
work together:
Nervous system receives various types 
of information to help determine optimal
time for growth and development

Nervous system then controls the
endocrine gland producing the hormone
that causes a physiological response

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12
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

diffuse through cell membrane – receptors inside the cell

often act to alter gene expression

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13
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

cannot pass through membrane – receptors on the surface of the cell

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14
Q

Receptors are

A

glycoproteins with three domains:

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15
Q

three domains of glycoproteins

A

Binding domain, Transmembrane domain, Cytoplasmic domain

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16
Q

Binding domain

A

proteins outside the membrane

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17
Q

Transmembrane domain

A

anchors the receptor in the membrane

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18
Q

Cytoplasmic domain

A
  • extends into the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Initiates the target cell response by activating protein kinases or protein
    phosphatases
  • These will then activate or inactivate enzymes in the cytoplasm
  • Initiate a signaling cascade
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19
Q

Epinephrine

A

fight or flight response

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20
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • sits at base of skull just over back of the roof of the mouth
  • Is attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus
  • Involved in the hormonal control of many physiological processes

hormones from hypothalamus are stored and released by pituitary

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

releases two peptide hormones – antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

These hormones are synthesized in neurons in the hypothalamus – neurohormones

Vesicles containing neurohormones travel down axons from hypothalamus into
post. pituitary where they are stored

Nerve impulses will trigger their release

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22
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

increases the amount of water conserved by the kidneys
When secretion is high – kidney secretes a little concentrated urine
When secretion is low – kidneys produce lots of dilute urine

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

produced during labor in women, stimulates contractions of the uterus
Brings about flow of milk
Suckling, sight, sounds of baby can stimulate production of oxytocin

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24
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

many peptide and protein hormones released

many are tropic

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25
Q

tropic

A

control the activities of other endocrine glands

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26
Q

Growth hormone

A

acts on a wide variety of tissues to promote growth
Stimulates cells to take up amino acids
Stimulates liver to produce factors that stimulate the growth of bone and
cartilage
Overproduction – gigantism
Underproduction – pituitary dwarfism

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27
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates breast development and the production and secretion of milk
Important hormone during pregnancy

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28
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins

A

body’s natural opiates

In the brain act as neurotransmitters in pathways that control pain

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29
Q

anterior pituitary is controlled by

A

hypothalamic neurohormones

Hypothalamus receives information from the body through neuronal and hormonal signals through circulation

Portal blood vessels connect the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary -
Neurohormones travel in the portal blood vessels into anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

30
Q

tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Thyrotropin, Gonadotropic hormone, Corticotropin hormone

31
Q

Thyrotropin

A

acts on thyroid

Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary:

32
Q

Gonadotropic hormone

A

acts on gonads for release of sex hormones

Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary:

33
Q

Corticotropin hormone

A

acts on adrenal glands

Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary:

34
Q

Negative feedback loops control hormone secretion:

A

Cells of the Anterior pituitary under direct and indirect negative feedback control by the hormones of the target glands they stimulate

35
Q

Thyroid

A

wraps around front of the windpipe

36
Q

Thyroxine

A

thyroid gland

  • require iodine
  • regulates cell metabolism
  • lipid soluble so it can bind to receptors
  • affects genes involved in enzymes active in energy, transport, structural proteins
  • elevates the metabolic rates
  • activated by thyrotropin from anterior pituitary
37
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • excess of thryoxine
  • can cause goiter when negative feed fails t turn off follicle cells
  • thyroid grows bigger
38
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

thyroxine deficiency
- Goiter can result when not enough circulating Thyroxine to turn off Thyrotropin production in the anterior pituitary. make more follicle cells

39
Q

Calcitonin

A

thyroid hormone

  • lowers Ca in blood
  • can deposit or absorb Ca in bone
  • can excrete or keep Ca by kidneys
  • absorption of Ca or not in Gi tract
40
Q

When blood calcium is high

A

alcitonin is triggered and signals more deposition of calcium into bone by

Osteoblasts – take up circulating calcium and deposit new bone

41
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • make parathyroid hormone on surface of thyroid gland

- - Fall in blood calcium triggers the release of PTH

42
Q

fall in blood calcium

A
  • release of PTH
  • stimulates bone turnover and remodeling
  • stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium rather than excrete it in urine
  • activates Vitamin D which causes digestive tract to absorb more calcium
  • acts on kidneys to increase elimination of phosphate in urine
43
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine gland located just below the stomach

Contains clusters of cells call islets (islets of Langerhans)

44
Q

three times of islet cells

A

alpha, beta, delta

45
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin

46
Q

alpha cells

A

glucagon

47
Q

delta cells

A

produce the hormone somatostatin

48
Q

insulin

A

Binds to a receptor on plasma membrane of target cell and allows glucose to
enter the cell
If glucose cannot enter the cell it accumulates in the blood
Cells must then use fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose
Critical tissues and organs can be damaged

49
Q

Glucagon

A
  • produced by alpha cells in islets
  • When blood glucose is low, stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose to
    • resupply the blood
50
Q

Diabetes

A

destruction or failure of beta cells to produce or secrete insulin

51
Q

type 1 diabetes:

A
  • Autoimmune disease: body’s own cells destroy the insulin producing cells (beta cells)
  • Irreversible. No mechanism to replace the beta cells
  • Dependent on an outside source of insulin
    Starts as a child (earlier onset)
52
Q

Type 2:

A
  • can have genetic link
  • Often related to diet/lifestyle/ obesity
  • Develop an insulin insensitivity due to diet.
  • Can be reversible if caught in early stages. Change diet, exercise etc.
53
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • sits above above each kidney
54
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • cortex, produces steroid hormones, under the control of corticotropin from anterior pituitary
55
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • core, called the adrenal medulla, makes epinephrine and norepinephrine
56
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • amine hormones
  • Both bind to the same receptors on the surface of target cells
  • Stimulate different actions within the cells
  • Epinephrine binds both types of receptors
  • Norepinephrine binds only alpha receptors
57
Q

types of receptors

A

alpha-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic receptors

58
Q

what does adrenal cortex make

A

use cholesterol to make steroid hormones:

glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), sex steroids

59
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • influence blood glucose
  • EX. cortisol
  • mediates stress response, blocks immune reactions, controlled by corticotropin from anterior pituitary
60
Q

mineralcorticoids

A
  • influence the balance of ions in extracellular fluid
  • EX. aldosterone
  • Stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and to excrete potassium
61
Q

Sex steroids

A
  • produced by gonads
62
Q

male steroids

A

collectively called Androgens – dominant one = testosterone

63
Q

female steroids

A

Female steroids – estrogen and progesterone

Dominant estrogen = Estradiol made from testosterone

64
Q

fetus into sex

A

after 7 weeks

65
Q

gonadotropins and puberty

A

Production increases at the beginning of puberty

Production controlled by Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

66
Q

female pubery

A

increases in LH and FSH at puberty stimulated the ovaries to begin producing female hormones
- This initiates development of breasts, broadened hips, pubic hair, menstrual cycle

67
Q

male puberty

A

increases in LH stimulates cells in testes to synthesize testosterone
Initiates deepening of voice, facial and body hair, growth of testes and penis

68
Q

pineal gland

A

located between two sides of brain

  • makes amine hormone melatonin
  • release in the dark
69
Q

photoperiodicity

A

Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms

  • seasonal changes in day length cause change in animals
  • signal reproductive cycle, sleep-wake cycle etc
70
Q

Thymosin

A

produced by the thymus, is important for development of the T cells of the immune system

71
Q

Gastrin

A

an important digestive enzyme made by cells in the stomach that can stimulate the release of digestive enzymes

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) (18 decks)

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