Exam 2 COVID19 Flashcards
Viruses are considered:
Non-living - no intrinsic metabolism so reliant upon host cell. No independent replication
Naked viruses have:
- capsid
- nucleocapsid
Capsid
Protein coat that surrounds viral genome
Nucleocapsid
Capsin and viral genome together
Enveloped viruses
Host membrane derived, includes viral proteins in membrane lipids
Envelope is ____ to the nucleocapsid
External
What type of DNA does coronavirus have?
ssRNA positive strand
True or false: Coronavirus is an enveloped virus
True
Method of spread for coronavirus
Respiratory (liquid droplets in the air)
How far can coronavirus spread if coughing or sneezing?
18 feet
COVID-19 has a ____ greater mortality rate compared to seasonal influenza
40x
What is the most common symptom of COVID19?
Fever (83-99%)
What are some risk factors for hospitalization?
- Age >= 80 is the greatest risk
- Pre-existing conditions (cancer, diabetes, asthma, heart, obesity, liver/kidney disease)
Methods of COVID19 prevention
- Social distancing
- PPE
- Vaccination
COVID19 binds to what receptor to get into cells?
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
Most abundant expression of ACE2 is on:
Type II alveolar cells
Where are ACE2 receptors expressed?
All cells in the body - specifically heart, liver, GI tract
_____ cleaves viral S protein to facilitate fusion
TMPRSS2
ACE2 coreceptor
TMPRSS2
COVID19 viral replication uses what kind of polymerase?
Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(Not found in humans - needs to be DNA dependent)
Severe COVID19 is associated with ____ due to ____
Systemic hyperinflammation due to cytokine storm/cytokine release syndrome (CRS)
Severe COVID is associated with elevated levels of what cytokine?
IL-6 (mainly)
Also IL-2
Describe COVID19 pathology in the lungs
Pulmonary edema (increased vascular permeability)
Alveolar interstitial thickening reduces O2 diffusion
Massive leukocyte infiltration
Radiologic findings in COVID19
Bilateral, multi-lobar, ground glass opacity
Clinical findings in COVID19
Plasmacytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage
Pediatric vs adult - who is more susceptible?
Adults
Why are children less susceptible to getting COVID19?
ACE2 expression is hormone dependent, so kids who have not gone through puberty don’t have as much ACE2 expression leading to less entryway for COVID19
TMPRSS2 mRNA is upregulated by:
Androgen
Men express more _____ than women
TMPRSS2 (due to higher androgen levels)
Mortality from COVID19 is higher in men or women?
Men
Which drug directly inhibits SARS-CoV-2, specifically the enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
Remdesivir/Ritonavir
Convalescent plasma treatment includes:
Survivor antibodies against COVID19 (IgM, IgG)
Remdesivir was originally developed for:
Hepatitis C
Remdisivir structure has a ____ analog
nucleoside triphosphate
Dexamethasone effects
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant - may reduce cytokine storm in COVID 19 severe cases
Dexamethasone is usually used to treat:
Autoimmune disease and ease cancer treatment effects
Tocilizumab
Immunosuppressive drug for monoclonal antibodies
What does Tocilizumab act on?
Blocks IL-6 receptor; anti-inflammatory
CQ and HCQ are also known as:
Zinc ionophores
Zinc inhibits:
Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Which drug does not work against COVID19?
HCQ (used to treat malaria)
COVID-19 R0
6
Omicron variants R0
9.5
Why don’t we use tamiflu for COVID19?
Works as a neuraminidase inhibitor, and COVID19 doesn’t have that
COVID 19 mRNA vaccines stimulate:
CMI CD8 response via MHC 1
Vaccine can be up to ___ effective
95% (Pfizer)
Does mouthwash eliminate COVID?
Yes - following 15 seconds of exposure, reduction in viral load of >99.99%
