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DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts > Exam 1 9/7 Nguyen Micro > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/7 Nguyen Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes do not have:

A

nucleus or organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotes include what organisms?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

Who described 3 domains for evolutionary tree?

A

Carl Woese

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4
Q

Eocyte hypothesis

A

2 domains; predicts that eukaryotes originate within the archaea and sharing a common ancestor with eocytes; archaea has the most branches on the eocyte tree

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5
Q

Bacteria can be seen inside:

A

epithelial cell

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6
Q

_____ provides higher resolution and sub-cellular features

A

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

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7
Q

_____ allows you to see 3D images of microbes

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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8
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages and phages

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9
Q

Compare prokaryotic/eukaryotic ribosome

A

Prokaryote has 70S, eukaryote has 80S

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10
Q

Prokaryotes has ____ instead of a nucleus

A

Nucleoid

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11
Q

Prokaryotes are haploid/diploid

A

Haploid (most)

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall contains:

A

peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Prokaryote size

A

less than several micrometers

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14
Q

Describe the nucleoid region

A
  1. not membrane enclosed; contains genetic material (dsDNA)
  2. Single circular chromosome
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15
Q
A

Nucleoid

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16
Q

70S ribosome consists of:

A

30S and 50S subunits

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17
Q

80S ribosome consists of:

A

60S and 40S subunits

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18
Q

Beta-hydroxybutryrate

A

type of cytoplasmic granules - stores lipids

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19
Q

Inclusion bodies have what substances in them?

A
  1. metabolites (lipids, polysaccharides)
  2. ions
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20
Q

What is the benefit of bacteria having inclusion bodies?

A

Some bacteria can store sugar or fats away to use during starvation mode to survive

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21
Q

In prokaryotes, there is an absence of ____ in the phospholipid bilayer, except in:

A

sterols; mycoplasmas (no membrane), some sphingolipids in bacteroides, variety of fatty acids, hopanoids (lipid)

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22
Q

Describe cell wall in gram-positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Describe cell wall in gram-negative bacteria

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan later between inner and outer membrane

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24
Q

What sugars make up peptidoglycan?

A

NAG and NAM (N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid)

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25
Q

The bond between NAG and NAM is:

A

B-1,4 glycosidic linkage

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26
Q

What enzyme performs glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM?

A

transglycosylase

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27
Q

Cross-bridges

A

Formed between adjacent NAM molecules - amino acids form pentaglycine cross link to increase stability and strength in cell wall

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28
Q

Bactoprenol

A

membrane carrier that transfers monomers from cytosol to external site for peptidoglycan assembly

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29
Q

Bacterial enzyme _____ assembles peptidoglycan layers

A

Transpeptidase (forms cross bridges)

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30
Q

In addition to peptidoglycan, gram positive cell wall contains:

A

teichoic acid and/or lipoteichoic acid

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31
Q

What are teichoic/lipoteichoic acids made of?

A

polysaccharides polymers (ribitol or glycerol phosphate)

32
Q

Where are teichoic/lipoteichoic acids linked?

A

Linked to NAM, plasma membrane via diacylglycerol (DAG)

33
Q

Gram negative cell wall does not contain:

A

teichoic acids

34
Q

Periplasmic space found in? What is found in it?

A

Found in Gram - bacteria; enzymes to resist antibiotics

35
Q

_____ contains LPS

A

Gram - bacteria

36
Q

Lipopolysaccharide consists of:

A

O-polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, Lipid A

37
Q

In bacteria, _____ cleaves Beta lactam ring to defend against _____

A

Beta-lactamase; penicillin

38
Q

Which component of LPS is antigenic?

A

O-antigen –> variable polysaccharide; species-specific repeat units (repeat 40 units)

39
Q

Which component of LPS is endotoxin?

A

Lipid A –> toxic glycophospholipid

40
Q

Lipid A components

A

Disaccharide diphosphate; fatty acids

41
Q

LPS endotoxin may induce:

A

fever(pyrogenic), shock as physiological response

42
Q

LPS causes host to secrete:

A

cytokines, proteases, toxic oxygen radicals

43
Q

Lysozyme is found in:

A

saliva, tears

44
Q

Lysozyme function

A

hydrolyzes Beta-1,4 bond between NAG and NAM, antibacterial

45
Q

Penicillin inhibits the action of what enzyme?

A

transpeptidase

46
Q

Gram stain steps

A
  1. fixation
  2. crystal violet
  3. iodine treatment
  4. decolorization
  5. counter stain safranin
47
Q

True or false: gram positive bacteria is more susceptible to penicillin

A

True

48
Q

True or false: gram negative bacteria is more susceptible to penicillin

A

False - more resistant

49
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

polysaccharide (dextran) coating on outer bacterial surface, allows adhesion

50
Q

What types of bacteria have glycocalyx?

A

Rods, cocci

51
Q

True or false: capsule is found within cell wall layer

A

False - it is a layer around the bacterial cell, it is around the cell wall

52
Q

Capsule inhibits:

A

Phagocytosis (anti-phagocytic)

53
Q

Capsule correlates with _____

A

virulence

54
Q

Capsule mediates bacterial _____

A

adhesion

55
Q

Examples of antigenic capsular proteins

A

K-capsular antigen on E. coli
Vi-antigen on Salmonella Typhi

56
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

57
Q

Virulence factors

A

attributes that increase disease severity or ability to become infective

58
Q

Quellung reaction

A

antibody mediated - capsules contain different antigens, can stain for specific ones; bind and cause swelling of capsule

59
Q

Motility is achieved via:

A

flagella

60
Q

What does the H refer to in E. coli O157:H7

A

H antigen - flagellar

61
Q

Flagellar anchors in gram-positive bacteria

A

P-ring protein (Peptidoglycan side)
M-ring (membrane side)

62
Q

Flagellar anchors in gram-negative bacteria

A
  1. L-ring protein (LPS)
  2. P-ring protein (periplasm)
  3. SM-ring proteins (surface cytoplasmic membrane; membrane)
  4. C-ring protein (cytoplasm)
63
Q

Rank the size of flagellum, pilus, fimbrae

A

fimbrae<pilus<flagellum

64
Q

Fimbrae function

A

attachment

65
Q

Pili function

A

sense environment, gene transfer, attachment; crucial virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria

66
Q

Type I pili components

A

FimA - main rod/shaft protein
FimH - bacterial adhesion, fibrillar tip

67
Q

Type I pili is mainly used for _____

A

adhesion

68
Q

Type II pili

A

sex or fertility pilus (F-pilus); used during conjugation, transfer plasmids/DNA, transfer antibiotic resistance

69
Q

F-type pilus is ____ and ____

A

long and flexible

70
Q

P-type pilus is ___ and ___

A

short and rigid

71
Q

Type III Pili function

A

“secretion channel” between bacterium and host cell; injector; delivers proteins but NOT DNA

72
Q

Type IV pilus function

A

twitching/gliding motility

73
Q

Type V pili function

A

bacterial adhesion, co-aggregation and biofilm formation –> gingivitis and severe periodontitis

74
Q

Which type of pilus has important virulence factors of oral pathogen?

A

Type V

75
Q

Coccus

A

Round

76
Q

Bacillus

A

rod shaped

DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts (26 decks)

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