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DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts > Exam 1 9/7 Nguyen Micro > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/7 Nguyen Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes do not have:

A

nucleus or organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotes include what organisms?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

Who described 3 domains for evolutionary tree?

A

Carl Woese

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4
Q

Eocyte hypothesis

A

2 domains; predicts that eukaryotes originate within the archaea and sharing a common ancestor with eocytes; archaea has the most branches on the eocyte tree

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5
Q

Bacteria can be seen inside:

A

epithelial cell

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6
Q

_____ provides higher resolution and sub-cellular features

A

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

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7
Q

_____ allows you to see 3D images of microbes

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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8
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages and phages

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9
Q

Compare prokaryotic/eukaryotic ribosome

A

Prokaryote has 70S, eukaryote has 80S

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10
Q

Prokaryotes has ____ instead of a nucleus

A

Nucleoid

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11
Q

Prokaryotes are haploid/diploid

A

Haploid (most)

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall contains:

A

peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Prokaryote size

A

less than several micrometers

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14
Q

Describe the nucleoid region

A
  1. not membrane enclosed; contains genetic material (dsDNA)
  2. Single circular chromosome
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15
Q
A

Nucleoid

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16
Q

70S ribosome consists of:

A

30S and 50S subunits

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17
Q

80S ribosome consists of:

A

60S and 40S subunits

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18
Q

Beta-hydroxybutryrate

A

type of cytoplasmic granules - stores lipids

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19
Q

Inclusion bodies have what substances in them?

A
  1. metabolites (lipids, polysaccharides)
  2. ions
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20
Q

What is the benefit of bacteria having inclusion bodies?

A

Some bacteria can store sugar or fats away to use during starvation mode to survive

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21
Q

In prokaryotes, there is an absence of ____ in the phospholipid bilayer, except in:

A

sterols; mycoplasmas (no membrane), some sphingolipids in bacteroides, variety of fatty acids, hopanoids (lipid)

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22
Q

Describe cell wall in gram-positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Describe cell wall in gram-negative bacteria

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan later between inner and outer membrane

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24
Q

What sugars make up peptidoglycan?

A

NAG and NAM (N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid)

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25
The bond between NAG and NAM is:
B-1,4 glycosidic linkage
26
What enzyme performs glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM?
transglycosylase
27
Cross-bridges
Formed between adjacent NAM molecules - amino acids form pentaglycine cross link to increase stability and strength in cell wall
28
Bactoprenol
membrane carrier that transfers monomers from cytosol to external site for peptidoglycan assembly
29
Bacterial enzyme _____ assembles peptidoglycan layers
Transpeptidase (forms cross bridges)
30
In addition to peptidoglycan, gram positive cell wall contains:
teichoic acid and/or lipoteichoic acid
31
What are teichoic/lipoteichoic acids made of?
polysaccharides polymers (ribitol or glycerol phosphate)
32
Where are teichoic/lipoteichoic acids linked?
Linked to NAM, plasma membrane via diacylglycerol (DAG)
33
Gram negative cell wall does not contain:
teichoic acids
34
Periplasmic space found in? What is found in it?
Found in Gram - bacteria; enzymes to resist antibiotics
35
_____ contains LPS
Gram - bacteria
36
Lipopolysaccharide consists of:
O-polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, Lipid A
37
In bacteria, _____ cleaves Beta lactam ring to defend against _____
Beta-lactamase; penicillin
38
Which component of LPS is antigenic?
O-antigen --> variable polysaccharide; species-specific repeat units (repeat 40 units)
39
Which component of LPS is endotoxin?
Lipid A --> toxic glycophospholipid
40
Lipid A components
Disaccharide diphosphate; fatty acids
41
LPS endotoxin may induce:
fever(pyrogenic), shock as physiological response
42
LPS causes host to secrete:
cytokines, proteases, toxic oxygen radicals
43
Lysozyme is found in:
saliva, tears
44
Lysozyme function
hydrolyzes Beta-1,4 bond between NAG and NAM, antibacterial
45
Penicillin inhibits the action of what enzyme?
transpeptidase
46
Gram stain steps
1. fixation 2. crystal violet 3. iodine treatment 4. decolorization 5. counter stain safranin
47
True or false: gram positive bacteria is more susceptible to penicillin
True
48
True or false: gram negative bacteria is more susceptible to penicillin
False - more resistant
49
What is glycocalyx?
polysaccharide (dextran) coating on outer bacterial surface, allows adhesion
50
What types of bacteria have glycocalyx?
Rods, cocci
51
True or false: capsule is found within cell wall layer
False - it is a layer around the bacterial cell, it is around the cell wall
52
Capsule inhibits:
Phagocytosis (anti-phagocytic)
53
Capsule correlates with _____
virulence
54
Capsule mediates bacterial _____
adhesion
55
Examples of antigenic capsular proteins
K-capsular antigen on E. coli Vi-antigen on Salmonella Typhi
56
Pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
57
Virulence factors
attributes that increase disease severity or ability to become infective
58
Quellung reaction
antibody mediated - capsules contain different antigens, can stain for specific ones; bind and cause swelling of capsule
59
Motility is achieved via:
flagella
60
What does the H refer to in E. coli O157:H7
H antigen - flagellar
61
Flagellar anchors in gram-positive bacteria
P-ring protein (Peptidoglycan side) M-ring (membrane side)
62
Flagellar anchors in gram-negative bacteria
1. L-ring protein (LPS) 2. P-ring protein (periplasm) 3. SM-ring proteins (surface cytoplasmic membrane; membrane) 4. C-ring protein (cytoplasm)
63
Rank the size of flagellum, pilus, fimbrae
fimbrae
64
Fimbrae function
attachment
65
Pili function
sense environment, gene transfer, attachment; crucial virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria
66
Type I pili components
FimA - main rod/shaft protein FimH - bacterial adhesion, fibrillar tip
67
Type I pili is mainly used for _____
adhesion
68
Type II pili
sex or fertility pilus (F-pilus); used during conjugation, transfer plasmids/DNA, transfer antibiotic resistance
69
F-type pilus is ____ and ____
long and flexible
70
P-type pilus is ___ and ___
short and rigid
71
Type III Pili function
"secretion channel" between bacterium and host cell; injector; delivers proteins but NOT DNA
72
Type IV pilus function
twitching/gliding motility
73
Type V pili function
bacterial adhesion, co-aggregation and biofilm formation --> gingivitis and severe periodontitis
74
Which type of pilus has important virulence factors of oral pathogen?
Type V
75
Coccus
Round
76
Bacillus
rod shaped

DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts (26 decks)

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