Exam 1 9/18 Nguyen Micro

Question 1

Purpose of microscopy

Answer 1

initial detection of microbes

Question 2

Bacterial cell wall charge

Answer 2

negative

Question 3

Simple stains can be used to stain

Answer 3

bacterial cell walls (non-specific, rapid, negative charge)

Question 4

India ink (carbon particle) is a type of ___ stain

Answer 4

negative

Question 5

Quellung reaction

Answer 5

antibody mediated, cause swelling of capsule, allows visualization

Question 6

capsule inhibits

Answer 6

phagocytosis

Question 7

Capsule correlates with

Answer 7

virulence

Question 8

Capsule mediates

Answer 8

adhesion

Question 9

Which bacteria do not gram stain

Answer 9

spirochetes (too thin)
mycoplasma (no cell wall)
mycobacteria (high lipid content)

Question 10

Mycoplasma contains ____ in membrane

Answer 10

sterols

Question 11

You can test for mycoplasma using

Answer 11

DNA, antibodies

Question 12

Mycolic acid found in

Answer 12

mycobacteria

Question 13

Mycobacteria is resistant to ____

Answer 13

gram staining (lipid resists stain)

Question 14

Ziehl Neelsen

Answer 14

AKA acid fast stain

Question 15

Acid fast stain used for

Answer 15

mycobacteria

Question 16

What color do acid fast bacteria stain

Answer 16

Red (non/tissues = blue)

Question 17

Silver stain is used for what organisms

Answer 17

legionella, spirochetes, fungi

Question 18

types of growth media

Answer 18

liquid (broth) for expanding an organism; semisolid (agar)

Question 19

Selective media definition

Answer 19

select for specific organism

Question 20

Differential media definition

Answer 20

distinguish organisms with certain characteristics

Question 21

Hemolysins

Answer 21

produced by some bacteria. blood breaking

Question 22

alpha hemolysis

Answer 22

incomplete, partial hemolysis (H2O2 turns agar green)

Question 23

B hemolysis

Answer 23

complete (streptolysin, exotoxin)

Question 24

gamma hemolysis

Answer 24

no hemolysis

Question 25

Macconkey agar is both

Answer 25

selective and differential

Question 26

What kind of hemolysis do cocci and bacilli do

Answer 26

beta hemolysis

Question 27

True or false - most microbes can be cultured

Answer 27

false - use molecular diagnosis more often

Question 28

PCR can make how many copies of a strand of dna

Answer 28

millions

Question 29

In RT PCR, amplify RNA after its conversion to DNA by:

Answer 29

reverse transcriptase

Question 30

Serology is study of

Answer 30

serum (antibody in pt serum)

Question 31

When Ab binds to Ag, the complex can:

Answer 31

precipitate - comes out of solution, can see with naked eye

Question 32

Radial immunodiffusion

Answer 32

antigen added to wells at dif concentrations, surrounding gel contains antibody, precipitate forms ring around wells

Question 33

double immunodiffusion can test for:

Answer 33

multiple organisms

Question 34

Countercurrent electrophoresis

Answer 34

Ag and Ab have opposite charges, they migrate (- side is Ag). electricity speeds up diffusion rate

Question 35

Latex agglutination

Answer 35

antibodies to specific bacteria coated on latex

Question 36

Hemagglutination can help with

Answer 36

blood typing

Question 37

ELISA stands for

Answer 37

enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

Question 38

In ELISA, what binds to Ag:Ab?

Answer 38

conjugate enzyme reporter --> glows

Question 39

Sandwich ELISA can quantify

Answer 39

antigen

Question 40

Flow cytometry

Answer 40

1. immunofluorescence performed on cells count in liquid suspension - can count type of cells and number

Question 41

PAM is located: (crispr)

Answer 41

invading virus/plasmid

Question 42

Cas9

Answer 42

cuts DNA that has PAM

Question 43

Saliva based testing is a form of

Answer 43

non-invasive biomonitoring

Question 44

Problems with oral microbial testing

Answer 44

can't distinguish between variations - 1. different sites on same tooth 2. same site on different teeth 3. different times on same tooth site