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DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts > Exam 1 9/25 Kingsley Immuno > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/25 Kingsley Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

Specific immunity is a discrimination between:

A

self and nonself

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2
Q

Immunologic memory allows immune response to be more:

A

rapid and robust

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3
Q

Epitope

A

Antigenic determinant - where the antibody binds on the antigen

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4
Q

Paratope

A

Part of the antibody that binds the epitope (on BCR)

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5
Q

Secreted immunoglobin is mostly:

A

gamma globulin

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6
Q

Structure of immunoglobin molecule

A

2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light chains.

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7
Q

Immunoglobulin is held together by

A

disulfide bridges

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8
Q

Hinge region on antibody confers:

A

Flexibility

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9
Q

Constant domain

A

Similar or constant amino acid sequence between different antibody molecules

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10
Q

Variable domain

A

High variation in amino acid sequence between different antibody molecules

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11
Q

Constant domains of heavy chain

A

CH1, CH2, CH3

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12
Q

Variable region of heavy chain

A

VH

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13
Q

Constant domain of light chain

A

CL

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14
Q

Variable region of light chain

A

VL

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15
Q

Fab stands for:

A

fragment antibody binding

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16
Q

Fab contains:

A

both heavy and light chains (VL, VH, CL, CH1)

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17
Q

Fc stands for:

A

Fragment crystallizable

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18
Q

Fc contains:

A

heavy chains only (CH2 and CH3)

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19
Q

Secondary/anamnestic response allows for:

A

stronger and faster response upon subsequent encounters

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20
Q

Immunologic memory is conferred in what type cells, and how?

A

B and T cells after activation –> creates memory cells

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21
Q

antigen

A

ligand to specific antibody

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22
Q

antibody

A

Immunoglobin that ligates with antigen

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23
Q

Immunogen

A

Stimulates immune response

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24
Q

Immunogen can be either _____ or _____

A

humoral or cell mediated

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25
Q

True or false: an immunogen does not have to be an antigen

A

True - they are not always the exact same thing.
ex) capsulated bacteria - good antigen but poor immunogen

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26
Q

Another name for antibody

A

Immunoglobulins

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27
Q

One clone of B cell will make:

A

One type of antibody

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28
Q

Why is the hinge region of an antibody important?

A

Flexibility allows for antibodies to bind to antigen easier. Otherwise they can only bind if there is enough space

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29
Q

Which regions of the antibody would be the paratope?

A

VH, VL, or both

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30
Q

Fab light chain domains

A

VL, CL

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31
Q

Fab heavy chain

A

VH, CH1

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32
Q

What part of the antibody contains three distinct variable regions?

A

Fab VL and VH

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33
Q

Within the variable region of the antibody, “hypervariable region” refers to:

A

high amino acid sequence variability

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34
Q

The antibody hypervariable region is unique to:

A

each specific monoclonal antibody

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35
Q

Idiotype

A

what the antibody binds; only one type of VH and VL

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36
Q

CH2 has _____ binding site

A

complement

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37
Q

What do CH2 and CH3 bind in the Fc region?

A

Fc receptors

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38
Q

Complement fixation - what protein binds where?

A

globular heads of C1q bind to CH2 domain

39
Q

Opsonization occurs through binding of:

A

CH3 bind Fc receptors on phagocytic cells

40
Q

Regarding their structure, antibodies are _____

A

symmetrical

41
Q

Antibody molecules contain what isotypes?

A
  1. only one light chain isotype - K or lambda
  2. only one heavy chain isotype - mu, gamma, alpha, epsilon, delta
42
Q

What is antibody class determined by?

A

Protein structure of heavy chain constant domain

43
Q

Which Ig is predominant in serum?

44
Q

Which Ig fixes complement?

A

IgM, IgG (IgG1/3)

45
Q

Which Ig can cross placenta to get to the embryo/fetus?

46
Q

Which Ig is produced first in immune response?

47
Q

Which Ig is predominant in secretions (mucosal immunity)?

48
Q

Which Ig is produced the most?

48
Q

Which Ig is involved with allergies and anti-helminth immunity?

49
Q

Which Ig is a transmembrane antigen receptor on naive B cells?

A

IgD (with IgM)

50
Q

Which Ig forms a pentamer?

51
Q

Which Ig forms a dimer?

52
Q

IgG is a ____ with ____ antigen binding sites

A

monomer; 2

53
Q

What is special about subclass IgG3?

A

Hinge region is 4x larger, recognizes very specific hard to reach molecular motifs

54
Q

IgM has an extra:

A

CH domain (CH4)

55
Q

How are CH domains linked in IgM?

56
Q

Which Ig is most efficient at agglutination?

57
Q

Which Ig is most efficient at complement fixation?

58
Q

Can IgM be secreted?

59
Q

Which conformation of IgM is efficient at fixing or activating complement?

A

Crab conformation (bound IgM)

60
Q

Which conformation of IgM does not fix complement?

A

Star; unbound IgM

61
Q

Serum IgA is a:

62
Q

True or false: Serum IgA can activate classical complement pathway

63
Q

Serum IgA is a poor:

64
Q

Secretory IgA has how many binding sites?

65
Q

Secretory IgA is linked by:

66
Q

Secretory IgA has a ___ ___

A

secretory piece

67
Q

Features of IgA1

A

extended hinge region, wider reach

68
Q

Features of IgA2

A

truncated or missing hinge region, narrow reach

69
Q

IgE has an extra:

A

CH comain (CH4)

70
Q

IgE binds to:

A

FcE receptors on basophils/mast cells (CH4 region binds) –> leads to mast cell degranulation

71
Q

What Ig do naive B cells have?

A

IgM and IgD (transmembrane)

72
Q

Memory B cells possess what Ig?

A

IgG, IgA, IgE

73
Q

When an antigen activates B cells, plasma cell secretes:

74
Q

What kind of bonds form between antibody and antigen?

A

Non-covalent (hydrogen, van der waals, electrostatic, hydrophobic)

75
Q

Affinity

A

strength of binding between antigen and antibody

76
Q

Avidity

A
  1. Number of bonds between antibody and antigen (IgA and IgM have more)
  2. strength with which a multivalent antibody binds a multivalent antigen
77
Q

Avidity compensates for:

A

low affinity

78
Q

___ has low affinity but high avidity

79
Q

When would cross reactivity occur in an antibody?

A

Antibodies may recognize similar antigens or epitopes

80
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia

A

Low level of antibodies

81
Q

Agammaglobulinemia

A

No antibodies

82
Q

XLA stands for:

A

X-linked (Bruton’s) agammaglobulinemia

83
Q

What causes XLA?

A

Mutation on X chromosome, causing deletion or mutation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk/BTK), don’t have B cells

84
Q

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a critical role in:

A

B-cell development –> no B cells, no antibodies

85
Q

CVID stands for

A

Common variable immunodeficiency

86
Q

In patients with CVID, they have a low Ig count of:

A

IgM, IgA, IgG

87
Q

True or false: patients with CVID can have a normal B cell count

A

True - but no plasma cells, therefore no antibodies

88
Q

Causes of CVID

A

wide range, can be B or T cell linked

89
Q

Hyper IgM syndrome features

A

Normal B cell number, more IgM, but no IgG, IgA, or IgE

90
Q

Hyper IgM is essentially a failure of:

A

class switching from IgM to other isotypes

91
Q

Type I Hyper-IgM syndrome is also known as:

A

X-linked hyper IgM

92
Q

Selective IgA deficiency causes patients to make more ___

A

IgM (compensatory effect)

93
Q

The most common immunodeficiency is:

A

selective IgA deficiency (1:500)

DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts (26 decks)

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