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DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts > Exam 1 9/21 Kingsley Immuno > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/21 Kingsley Immuno Flashcards

Cells and tissues of the immune response

1
Q

Cluster of Differentiation

A
  1. membrane-bound proteins present on different cell types
  2. often have a known/specific function
  3. may have overlapping functions
  4. ~350 CD markers identified by monoclonal antibodies
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2
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. made by a single clone of B cells against one epitope
  2. antibodies from resulting plasma cell (B-cell) react with the same antigen in the same way
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3
Q

Two main branches of immune response:

A
  1. Lymphoid
  2. Myeloid
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4
Q

What cells are common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP)?

A

B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells

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5
Q

Lymphoid cell types

A
  1. common lymphoid progenitor CLP
  2. Hemopoietic/hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
  3. B (bone marrow) humoral; T (thymus) T-helper, CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
  4. lymphoblasts (immature lymphocytes)
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6
Q

White blood cells (WBC) also called:

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

___ of leukocytes are lymphocytes

A

30%

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8
Q

Majority of lymphocyte are:

A

T-lymphocytes (T-helper, CTL); 70% of lymphocytes

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9
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A
  1. non-specific
  2. rapid action, readily available
  3. no long term memory
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10
Q

Specific immunity

A
  1. specific response to specific pathogen
  2. adaptive to the organism - takes time
  3. immunologic memory (secondary/anamnestic response)
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11
Q

What is an anamnestic response?

A

secondary response

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12
Q

Antibody

A

protein/immunoglobulin binds antigen

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13
Q

Antibodies are _______ response

A

humoral (B-cell)

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14
Q

Substance (foreign) bound by antibody

A

Antigen

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15
Q

Epitope

A

Specific part (sequence) of antigen

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16
Q

Immunogen

A

Substance that stimulates immune response (either CMI T cell or antibody humoral response)

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17
Q

CMI =

A

cell mediated immunity

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18
Q

Majority of leukocytes are:

A

innate immune cells (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils –> PMN)

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19
Q

What kind of appearance do innate immune cells have?

A

Granular appearance

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20
Q

What appearance do lymphocytes have?

A

Agranular

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21
Q

Natural killer cells are not ____

A

Lymphocytes (they are granular)

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22
Q

BCR

A

B cell antigen receptor (when secreted it is an immunoglobulin or antibody)

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23
Q

CD79 function

A

Forms BCR-CD79 complex; intracellular signaling

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24
Q

CD79 has a similar role to:

A

CD3 on T cells

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25
Q

CD21

A

complement receptor

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26
Q

CD19

A

Co-receptor for CD21, lost in plasma cells (antibody secreting)

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27
Q

What immune cells are found in the oral cavity?

A

Macrophages, B cells, T cells, neutrophils

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28
Q

Describe the nucleus of B lymphocytes

A

Huge nucleus

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29
Q

If a B cell has never been activated before, it has bound ____

A

IgM

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30
Q

Explain this image

A
  • BCR composed of IgM and Iga/Igb/Syk (CD79) forms BCR complex
  • CD21/CD19 complement receptor/coreceptor
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31
Q

CD21 and CD19 are a part of:

A

Complement pathway; innate immunity

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32
Q

How do CD21 and CD19 help in B cell activation?

A

Enhances both signaling pathways (BCR-CD79, CD21-CD19); reduces B-cell activation threshold

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33
Q

True or false: complement is necessary for B cell activation

A

False - although it helps reduce B cell activation threshold

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34
Q

Which T-lymphocytes have CD4 on their cell surface?

A

Th1, Th2, Treg cell

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35
Q

Th1

A

Helper T cells type 1

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36
Q

Th2

A

Helper T cells type 2

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37
Q

Which T-lymphocyte has CD8 on their cell surface?

A

CTL (cytotoxic T cell)

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38
Q

CD3 has a similar role to what B-cell component?

A

CD79 - intracellular signaling

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39
Q

TCR-CD3 is found on:

A

all T cells (Helper T cells 1 and 2, CTL, Treg cell)

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40
Q

TCR

A

T cell receptor

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41
Q

CD3

A

Signaling (TCR-CD3); similar role to CD79 B cells

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42
Q

CD4 T-helper cells recognize:

A

MHCII on APC; exogenous or “found” antigens

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43
Q

TH1 is associated with which APC?

A

Macrophages

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44
Q

TH2 is associated with which APC?

A

B-lymphocytes

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45
Q

TH1 function

A

Aids in inflammation and innate immunity

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46
Q

TH2 function

A

Aids in humoral and adaptive (specific) immunity

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47
Q

CTL recognizes:

A
  1. MHC I on APC
  2. endogenous antigens (viruses, cancer)
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48
Q

CTL cells provide a mechanism to check:

A

“inside” another cell

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49
Q

Differences between BCR and TCR

A
  1. BCR binds “soluble” or non-complexed/presented antigens; TCR binds antigen-MHC “bound” or presented antigen
  2. BCR is 4 chains, TCR is 2 chains
  3. CD79 in BCR, TCR has CD3
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50
Q

Describe how memory B cells are formed

A

Naive B lymphocytes bind antigen (antigen recognition), proliferate, differentiate/secrete antibodies (plasma cell) –> memory B cell

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51
Q

Describe how memory T cells are formed

A

Naive T lynphocytes recognize antigen via APC, proliferate, differentiate, form memory T cell

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52
Q

Plasma cells secrete:

A

antibodies (BCR)

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53
Q

Polyclonal antibody

A

From multiple clones, many epitopes

54
Q

Memory B cells retain ____ in order to:

A

BCR; to remember the antigen

55
Q

Memory B cells aid in:

A

greater number for faster, bigger anamnestic response

56
Q

Compare naive/activated B cell morphology

A

Naive B cell has large nucleus, activated B cell has large cytoplasm and golgi apparatus

57
Q

Antibody-mediated humoral immunity is produced by ___ with assistance from ____

A

B cells (plasma); Th2 (T-cells)

58
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity is a protective response against:

A

Extracellular immunogens (bacteria, viruses - viremic stage, toxins)

59
Q

Cell mediated immunity is mediated by:

A

CTL

60
Q

Cell mediated immunity protects against:

A

intracellular pathogens: viruses and bacteria (mycobacteria)

61
Q

Natural killer cells lack which cluster of differentiation?

A

CD3 (they have CD56 and CD16)

62
Q

Phagocytosis occurs via:

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

63
Q

Which immune cells perform phagocytosis?

A

Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

64
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes

A

monocytes, macrophages

65
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes are ___ specific

A

Tissue

66
Q

Microglia cells found in:

A

CNS

67
Q

Kupffer cells found in:

A

Liver

68
Q

Alveolar cells found in:

A

Lungs

69
Q

Which cells are derived from myeloid (myeloblasts)?

A
  1. macrophages and monocytes
  2. dendritic cells
  3. PMNs (neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and mast cells)
70
Q

What are langerhans cells

A

Dendritic cells found in skin

71
Q

What are follicular dendritic cells?

A

DC found in lymph

72
Q

DC cell types (red)

A
  1. langerhans cells
  2. follicular DC
  3. interdigitating DC
73
Q

PMN leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

74
Q

Basophils are associated with:

A

allergy

75
Q

Eosinophil

A

worms (helminths)

76
Q

____ are extremely important in non-specific innate immunity

A

Neutrophils

77
Q

Neutrophils are primarily _____ cells and ______

A

phagocytic; first responders

78
Q

True or false: neutrophils make up about 50% of all leukocytes

A

True

79
Q

What myeloid cells are found in high concentrations in skin, respiratory, and GI tract?

A

Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

80
Q

FCeRI degranulation in eosinophils releases:

A

major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein, which is toxic to helminths

81
Q

What component on eosinophils facilitates FCeRI access?

A

Bound IgE on eosinophil that comes into contact with helminth

82
Q

FCeRI degranulation in basophils and mast cells releases:

A

histamine

83
Q

Histamine function

A

increases vascular permeability (swelling, inflammation)

84
Q

Rank granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes regarding their front and side scatter (flow cytometry analysis)

A

Lymphocytes < monocytes < Granulocytes (most)

85
Q

Front scatter

A

Size

86
Q

Side scatter

A

Granularity

87
Q

Hemopoietic or Hematopoietic stem cells come from:

A

bone marrow

88
Q

True or false: HSC come from common lymphoid progenitors

A

True

89
Q

Where does the thymus originate from?

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

90
Q

The thymus is the site of:

A

T-cell processing, differentiation

91
Q

True or false: most T cells survive

A

False - most do not survive (T-cell selection)

92
Q

Most T cells are active during:

A

first two years of life

93
Q

T-cell processing and differentiation is involuted by:

A

puberty

94
Q

epithelial reticular cells (ERC) are in the:

A

thymus

95
Q

ERC contain:

A

thymic hormones

96
Q

Hassall’s corpuscle

A

Contains thymic hormones ERC type VI, site of dendritic cell maturation

97
Q

When you are little, thymus is

A

Large - allows child to make a lot of antibodies.
- thymus is filled with fat when you get older

98
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow, thymus

99
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph node, spleen

100
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter antigens in lymph, which drains the tissues

101
Q

In the lymph node, B and T cells are found in the:

A

secondary follicle

102
Q

During lymphatic circulation. interstitial fluid enters ______ and ultimately enters either ____ or _____

A

network of lymphatic vessels; thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

103
Q

What happens when antigen enters afferent lymph vessel?

A
  1. Flows through sinuses, enters lymph node
  2. germinal center develops
  3. B-cells and T-cells in secondary follicle
104
Q

Lymphoid hyperplasia

A

Increased number of lymphocytes in lymph nodes due to infection of bacteria/viruses
- increased number of secondary lymphoid follicles, germinal centers

105
Q

Right lymphatic duct drains _____ and empties into ____

A

upper right quadrant; right subclavian vein

106
Q

Thoracic duct drains ____, empties into ____

A

All except UR quadrant; left subclavian vein

107
Q

Spleen function

A

removes old red blood cells from circulation, major site of antibody synthesis

108
Q

Spleen location

A

Left upper quadrant (under ribcage, above stomach)

109
Q

Spleen contains:

A

white pulp, germinal centers, red pulp

110
Q

White pulp of spleen contains:

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath or PALS (T-cells); lymphoid nodules (B cells)

111
Q

Spleen germinal centers contain:

A

activated B/T cells, encapsulated bacteria

112
Q

Red pulp splenic sinuses filled with:

A

blood; up to 1 cup stores

113
Q

Cords of billroth

A

Connective tissue; functions to filter blood, removes defective RBC

114
Q

Loss of spleen increases:

A

risk/susceptibility to bacterial infection

115
Q

Asplenia incurs the highest risk to bacteria that have:

A

Capsules

116
Q

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

A

Organized centers of lymphoid tissue; high concentrations of microfold or M-cells

117
Q

Peyer’s patches are associated with:

A

lowest portion of small intestine (jejunum, ileum)

118
Q

Describe M-cells structure

A

Unique type of epithelial cell, lack microvilli, thinner cell body, highly concentration in areas of MALT

119
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues

120
Q

Function of M cells

A

transfer soluble and particulate exogenous antigens across mucosa (transcytosis); “sample” extracellular environment

121
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils (2), palatine tonsils (2), lingual tonsil

122
Q

What type of tissue is found in adenoid pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

123
Q

True or false: palatine tonsils contain pseudostratified epithelium

A

False

124
Q

Tonsil near roof of nasopharynx

A

Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)

125
Q

Tonsils at right and left sides at the back of throat

A

Palatine tonsils

126
Q

What connective tissue is found in palatine tonsils?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

127
Q

Two small mounds of lymphatic tissue at base of tongue (either side)

A

Lingual tonsils

128
Q

What are some mononuclear phagocytes

A
129
Q

How do mononuclear phagocytes process antigens?

A

Through phagocytosis - receptor mediated endocytosis

130
Q

Thymic hormones - name 2

A

thymosin, thymulin

131
Q

Thymic humoral factor name?

A

Thymopoietin

DEN 7102 Micro & Immuno Concepts (26 decks)

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