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DEN 7111 Development > Exam 2 Colombo Pharyngeal Development, Genetics, and Defects > Flashcards

Exam 2 Colombo Pharyngeal Development, Genetics, and Defects Flashcards

1
Q

Folding of the embryo during gastrulation results in:

A

An embryo where the endoderm is separated from the ectoderm, except at the 2 ends (tonsillar pillars)

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2
Q

The arches appear at around __ weeks of development

A

4

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3
Q

Where does the stomodeum form?

A

just above the first arch and near the maxillary prominence

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4
Q

The ____ and the _____ form around stomodeum

A

mandible and maxilla

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5
Q

The outside lining of each arch is made of:

A

ectoderm (where the groove is)

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6
Q

The inside lining of each arch is:

A

endoderm (where the pouch is)

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7
Q

Where is mesoderm and neural crest cells found in each arch?

A

Mesoderm between endoderm and ectoderm, neural crest is around/migrates throughout the mesoderm

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8
Q

What is a pharyngeal groove?

A

indent formed externally by two arches

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9
Q

What is a pharyngeal pouch?

A

Indent formed internally between 2 arches

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10
Q

What is a pharyngeal membrane?

A

Membrane between ectoderm of groove and endoderm of pouch

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11
Q

The arches are formed from what embryonic germ tissue layers?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
    3.5. Neural crest
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12
Q

Cranial nerve __ is associated with arch 1

A

5

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13
Q

Cranial nerve __ is associated with arch 2

A

7

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14
Q

Cranial nerve __ is associated with arch 3

A

9

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15
Q

Cranial nerve __ is associated with arch 4

A

10

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16
Q

The malleus and incus are derived from:

A

Arch 1

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17
Q

The stapes is derived from:

A

Arch 2

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18
Q

Styloid process is derived from:

A

Arch 2

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19
Q

Stylohyoid ligament is derived from:

A

Arch 2

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20
Q

Thyroid cartilage is derived from:

A

Arch 3 and 4

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21
Q

Cricoid cartilage is derived from:

A

Arch 4

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22
Q

Meckel’s cartilage serves as a:

A

Massive signaling device (drives the formation of the mandible)

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23
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is derived from:

A

Arch 1

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24
Q

What bones of the head/face form from intramembranous ossification?

A

Temporal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla, mandible

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25
Q

What bones of the head/face form from endochondral ossification?

A

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

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26
Q

The mandible forms _____ to Meckel’s cartilage

A

Lateral

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27
Q

How many Meckel’s cartilages are there?

A

2; they are not continuous - separated at the midline by a little band of mesenchymal tissue

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28
Q

During the formation of the mandible, CN ___ runs along Meckel’s cartilage and branches into _____

A

5; lingual and inferior alveolar

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29
Q

During the formation of the mandible, what occurs around the final branching of the IA nerve?

A

Mesenchyme condenses around, spreads along Meckel’s cartilage

30
Q

During the formation of the mandible, bone forms around:

A

the IA, forming the mandibular canal

31
Q

Muscles of mastication are derived from:

A

Arch 1

32
Q

Muscles of facial expression are derived from:

A

Arch 2

33
Q

Stylopharyngeus is derived from:

A

Arch 3

34
Q

Pharyngeal constrictors are derived from:

A

Arch 4

35
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are derived from:

A

Arch 6

36
Q

Which nerves are derived from the pharyngeal arches?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

37
Q

Vomer is derived from:

A

Arch 1

38
Q

Palatine bone is derived from:

A

Arch 1

39
Q

Lesser horn and upper portion of the body of the hyoid are derived from:

A

Arch 2

40
Q

Greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid bone are derived from:

A

Arch 3

41
Q

Stapedius is derived from:

A

Arch 2

42
Q

Anterior ligament of the malleus is derived from:

A

Arch 1

43
Q

Sphenomandibular ligament is derived from:

A

Arch 1

44
Q

What facial structures are formed from the mandibular process?

A

Lower lip, lower face, lower cheek regions, chin, mandible, body of the tongue

45
Q

Maxillary processes form:

A

midface, upper cheek regions, upper lip sides, secondary palate, maxilla, zygomatic bone,

46
Q

Growth factors ultimately activate:

A

transcription factors, which influence cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis

47
Q

Growth factors can act through ____ action

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

48
Q

Critical growth factor in craniofacial development

A

BMP

49
Q

Functions of BMP

A
  1. Induction, formation, determination, migration of neural crest cells
  2. Patterning and formation of facial primordia
  3. Craniofacial skeletogenesis
  4. negative regulator of myogenesis (makes bone instead of muscle)
  5. regulator of early tooth morphogenesis and differentiation
50
Q

___ BMP forms neuroectoderm

A

Low

51
Q

___ BMP forms neural crest

A

High

52
Q

Hox genes code for:

A

Transcription factors that make cells pattern into one tissue/organ type or another

53
Q

During embryonic development, hox genes are involved in:

A

body segmentation

54
Q

Hox is a ___ bp DNA sequence

A

180

55
Q

Dlx genes control development of:

A
  1. ectodermal tissues derived from lateral border of the neural plate
  2. control patterning of branchial arch skeleton
56
Q

Hox genes are not expressed in which arch?

A

Arch 1

57
Q

____ regulate anterior-posterior identity

A

Hox genes

58
Q

Rhombomeres

A

Segmented sections arising from either side of the neural tube

59
Q

Removal of hox genes results in:

A

Everything defaulting to an arch 1 type pattern

60
Q

Loss of hox expression in arch 2 causes:

A

loss of A-P identity; gives rise to duplicate arch 1 structures like duplicate malleus, incus, tympanic ring –> loss of stapes, styloid process, lateral horn of hyoid

61
Q

What genes coordinate to place middle ear structures/primary jaw joint positioning?

A

Dlx, Hox

62
Q

____ drives formation of incus

A

Dlx 1 and 2

63
Q

What genes drives formation of malleus

A

Dlx 1, 2, 5, 6

64
Q

___ tells the incus where to form in the AP axis

A

Hox

65
Q

In the middle ear, no Hox a2 and Dlx 1/2 forms:

A

Incus

66
Q

In the middle ear, no hox a2 and Dlx 1/2/5/6 forms:

A

Malleus

67
Q

in the middle ear, Hox a2 and Dlx 1/2 forms:

A

stapes

68
Q

In the development of the maxilla, ____ drives the formation of the maxilla and _____ forms the mandible

A

Dlx 1/2; Dlx 1/2/5/6

69
Q

Treacher collins syndrome also known as:

A

congenital first arch syndrome

70
Q

Treacher collins syndrome is caused by:

A

mutation in Treacle gene; failure of neural crest to properly migrate into the 1st arch –> deficient formation of various facial skeletal structures

71
Q

True or false: cognitive function is abnormal with treacher collins

A

False - normal
(hearing defects very common though)

72
Q

Pierre robin sequence

A

hypoplasia of the mandible, misplacement of tongue, cleft palate, defects of the eye and ear, airway obstruction

DEN 7111 Development (19 decks)

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