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DEN 7111 Development > Exam 1 9/20 Davenport > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/20 Davenport Flashcards

1
Q

Why an interest or need for studying human development?

A
  1. we don’t stop growing until about age 25
  2. we’ll be seeing children as dentists
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2
Q

Human development is a _____ process

A

Continuous

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3
Q

What are some cellular events that occur during human development?

A
  1. fertilization of an ovum
  2. cell division
  3. cell migration
  4. programed cell death
  5. differentiation
  6. growth
  7. cell rearrangement
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4
Q

Why does a newborn baby have a slightly diminished chin?

A
  1. Mandible is depressed due to fetal position, head is pressed against chest
  2. Flat bones have not approximated yet, head is slightly malleable
  3. Allows baby to pass through birth canal more easily
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5
Q

Orthognathic surgery can help improve:

A

Severe cases of small/depressed chin in adults

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6
Q

Two major developmental periods

A

Prenatal, postnatal

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7
Q

Prenatal development period consists of:

A
  1. embryonic (weeks 1-8)
  2. fetal (weeks 8-end)
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8
Q

Birth is a _____ event during development resulting in ______

A

dramatic; a change of environment

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9
Q

Embryonic stage phases

A
  1. fertilization
  2. Morphogenesis (differentiation of all major internal and external structures)
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10
Q

Development results from _____ in the chromosomes

A

Genetic plans (inherited from parents, represents mix of genes from family tree)

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11
Q

Cells that are more differentiated have less:

A

incentive to divide

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12
Q

Which cell type is the least likely to divide?

A

Neural, cardiac cells (which are replaced by scar tissue)

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13
Q

Postnatal developmental periods

A
  1. infancy
  2. childhood
  3. puberty
  4. adolescence
  5. adulthood
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14
Q

Between fertilization and week 4 involves what cellular events?

A

cellular proliferation, migration, some differentiation of cell populations

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15
Q

True or false: during embryonic stage, few congenital defects result

A

True - if severe, embryo is lost

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16
Q

Weeks 4-8

A

Morphogenesis

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17
Q

Morphogenesis

A

differentiation of all major internal and external structures

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18
Q

What stage of development is extremely vulnerable to teratogens/defects?

A

Morphogenesis (during embryonic stage)

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19
Q

Prenatal development is divided into ____ successive stages, which are:

A

3; fertilization to week 4, morphogenesis, fetal

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20
Q

Fetal stage is mainly:

A

growth and maturation

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21
Q

By week _, we have everything in place to have a face and teeth

A

8

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22
Q

Embryonic development is essentially:

A

mitosis and increasing complexity (morphogenesis and differentiation) of structure and function

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23
Q

Developmental potential becomes more ____ as tissues acquire the specialized features necessary for increasing their sophistication of structure and function

A

Restrictive

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24
Q

Tooth development constitutes interaction between what tissues?

A

Epithelial/mesenchymal interaction

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25
Q

Name some of our cell types that undergo high turnover rate

A

Skin cells (we shed our skin), high fibrous diet can increase turnover in the gut tube, cells in the oral cavity (we brush our teeth twice a day)

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26
Q

Patterning

A

the developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo; involves induction, competence, differentiation

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27
Q

Induction

A

The agent that provides cells with the signal to enter differentiation into different populations of cells

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28
Q

Cells must be ___ to respond to the induction signal

A

Competent

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29
Q

Competence

A

ability to respond to an inducer

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30
Q

True or false: Windows of competence stay the same in various populations of cells

A

False - they vary (some cells may not respond to induction signal)

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31
Q

Differentiation

A

the process of responding to an inducer to change to what it is supposed to be

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32
Q

Name the players of induction/competence/differentiation

A
  1. homeobox genes
  2. growth factors
  3. retinoic acid
  4. other miscellaneous regulatory molecules
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33
Q

Paracrine regulation

A

a growth factor produced by one cell acts on another

34
Q

Autocrine regulation

A

A cell recaptures its own product (needs to go to its own membrane receptor)

35
Q

Possible results from inductive influence

A
  1. cell death
  2. survive
  3. proliferate (may even reduce proliferation)
  4. differentiate
36
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process of forming the gametes (egg and sperm)

37
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of male and female gametes to form the zygote

38
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduction cell division that takes place in germ cells

39
Q

Diploid germ cells develop haploid gametes through:

A

spermatogenesis and oogenesis

40
Q

Which division of Meiosis involves reduction division?

A

Division 1

41
Q

How many viable cells can be used in oogonia?

A

1 - ovum needs all the extra cytoplasm to survive 1 week after fertilization, extra chromosomes are discarded via polar bodies

42
Q

Gametogenesis in males produces:

A

4 sperm

43
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A
  1. maintains constancy of the chromosome number
  2. results in a random assortment of genetic material
  3. relocates segments of maternal and paternal chromosomes between gametes
44
Q

True or false: mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes is about 50%

A

False - can be mixtures of varying degrees, is also a mixture of genes from preceding family tree

45
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin in males?

A

At puberty (13-16); continues into old age

46
Q

When does oogenesis begin in females?

A

Begins before birth in the female, completed after puberty (12-15), continues to menopause

47
Q

Cluster of cells found around the primary oocye

A

Follicular cells

48
Q

Antrum

A

Central cavity surrounding secondary oocyte, filled with fluid

49
Q

____ ____ ultimately becomes the fertilized ovum/oocyte

A

Secondary oocyte

50
Q

During ovulation, what happens to the secondary oocyte?

A

Moves closer to the wall of the ovary, gets expelled into the peritoneal cavity

51
Q

Disturbances of meiosis during gametogenesis result in the formation of:

A

abnormal gametes

52
Q

True or false: abnormal gametes can be compatible with life

A

True, but some are not (although one example is downs syndrome)

53
Q

___ ___ refers to the way the oocyte and sperms meet each other in the ampulla of the uterine tube

A

Gamete transportation

54
Q

Usual site of fertilization

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

55
Q

Three parts of the fallopian tube

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

56
Q

How does the oocyte get into the uterus?

A
  1. Secondary oocyte migrates toward wall of ovary and bursts through, expels some antral fluid
  2. expelled into the ampulla of the uterine tube via fimbriae of the infundibulum
  3. transported by peristalsis toward the uterus
57
Q

If there is not enough force generated to push the oocyte into the uterine tube:

A

risk of ectopic pregnancy

58
Q

_____ sperms are deposited around the ____ of the uterus and the ____ of the vagina during intercourse

A

200-600 million; external os; fornix

59
Q

How long does the secondary oocyte viable for in the uterine tube?

A

24 hours

60
Q

How many sperm make the trip to the uterine tube?

A

200-300

61
Q

Describe how sperm move through/what they do in the cervical canal

A
  1. Pass slowly through cervical canal using their tails
  2. vesiculase coagulates some semen to form a vaginal plug
62
Q

What happens to cervical mucus after ejaculation?

A

Amount increases and becomes less viscous, allowing easier movements of sperms

63
Q

Ejaculate volume averages:

A

3.5 mL (can be 2-6)

64
Q

How fast do sperms move?

A

2-3mm/minute depending on pH of environment

65
Q

Where does capacitation begin in sperm?

A

In the cervical/1st part of the uterine cavity or uterine tube

66
Q

Capacitation is important because:

A

it allows sperm to become mobile

67
Q

How long does it take for capacitation to occur?

A

7 hours

68
Q

Capacitation occurs in response to

A

enzymes and other components in the uterine fluid

69
Q

True or false: peristalsis assists sperm movement

A

True

70
Q

Corona radiata comes from:

A

follicular cells

71
Q

What happens during capacitation?

A
  1. Glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins are removed from the acrosome
  2. membrane components are extensively altered
72
Q

Intact acrosome binds to ___ of the oocyte

A

ZP3 glycoprotein (zona pellucida)

73
Q

What is released during acrosome reaction?

A

Hyaluronidase, acrosin

74
Q

Human oocytes are usually fertilized within ____ of ovulation

A

12 hours

75
Q

Fertilization must occur within:

A

1 day of ovulation

76
Q

True or false: most human sperms probably do not survive more than 48 hours in the female genital tract

A

True (also some reports of 3-7 days)

77
Q

Short term storage and release of sperms aids in:

A

probability of fertilization - storage in cervical mucosa

78
Q

Longest and widest part of the uterine tube

A

Ampulla

79
Q

How long does it take sperm to reach the ampulla?

A

5-45 minutes

80
Q

What happens if the oocyte is not fertilized?

A

degenerates and is resorbed

81
Q

Phases of fertilization

A
  1. Passage of sperm through corona radiata
  2. penetration of zona pellucida
  3. fusion of plasma membranes of oocyte and sperm
  4. completion of meiosis II of oocyte and formation of female pronucleus
  5. formation of male pronucleus
  6. chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, pronuclei fuse into zygote
81
Q

Results of fertilization

A
  1. stimulated the penetrated oocyte to complete the 2nd meiotic division
  2. restores the normal diploid chromosome number (46)
  3. responsible for species variation
  4. determines sex of new individual
  5. initiates cleavage

DEN 7111 Development (19 decks)

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