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DEN 7111 Development > Exam 2 10/9 Fate of the Pharyngeal Grooves and Pouches > Flashcards

Exam 2 10/9 Fate of the Pharyngeal Grooves and Pouches Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of pharyngeal grooves and pouches are there?

A

4

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2
Q

Pharyngeal membranes

A

Membrane between ectoderm of groove and endoderm of pouch

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3
Q

Pharyngeal clefts are lined with:

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

____ is the only cleft normally not obliterated in development

A

Cleft 1

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5
Q

Cleft _____ can persist in abnormal situations

A

2-4
little spaces can persist and collect debris, can get infected, become fistula

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6
Q

How does fusion occur in the palate?

A

Involves breakdown of actual epithelium and the merging of connective tissues

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7
Q

Abnormal structures formed when clefts remain

A
  1. cysts
  2. sinus
  3. fistula
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8
Q

Cervical sinus can form in:

A

The neck

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9
Q

Pharyngeal cleft 1 gives rise to:

A

External auditory meatus

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10
Q

Pharyngeal anomaly in cleft 1

A

Congenital auricular sinuses (pits) and cysts in triangular area of skin anterior to the ear

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11
Q

What is a cyst?

A

sealed cavity filled with air, pus, fluid

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12
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Cavity within a tissue, can open externally

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13
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal connection between 2 structures

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14
Q

What pharyngeal anomalies can occur from Cleft 2?

A

Branchial sinuses, cysts, fistulas
- lateral cervical and internal branchial

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15
Q

Lateral cervical cyst/fistula

A

Uncommon, open externally in the neck
Caused by failure of second groove/cervical sinus to obliterate

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16
Q

Internal branchial fyst/fistula

A

Rare persistent second pouch, opens into intratonsillar cleft (into pharynx)

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17
Q

Region of lateral cervical cysts and fistulas

A

Anteriorly along length of SCM

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18
Q

What do you have if a lateral cervical cyst is continuous with the outside of the neck?

A

External branchial fistula

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19
Q

Pharyngeal pouches are lined with

A

Endoderm

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20
Q

Whereas clefts are mostly obliterated, pouches:

A

turn into things

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21
Q

Distal aspect of first pharyngeal pouch forms:

A
  • tympanic membrane together with 1st cleft
  • widens and forms tympanic cavity
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22
Q

Proximal aspect of 1st pharyngeal pouch forms:

A

auditory tube (stays narrow)

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23
Q

Ossicles are derived from:

A

Neural crest 1st and 2nd arch cartilage

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24
Q

Second pharyngeal pouch gives rise to:

A

lining of crypts in the palatine tonsils (epithelium that is continuous with lining of mouth)

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25
Q

Tonsils mostly composed of:

A

Mesoderm

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27
Q

Third pharyngeal pouch forms:

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

28
Q

Dorsal wing of third pharyngeal pouch

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

29
Q

Ventral wing of third pharyngeal pouch

30
Q

Function of parathyroid glands

A

Regulate body calcium and phosphate levels, secretes calcitonin

31
Q

Thymus function

A

Produces T cells

32
Q

True or false: thyroid forms from pharyngeal arches

33
Q

Fourth pharyngeal pouch forms:

A

Superior parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial body

34
Q

Dorsal wing of fourth pharyngeal pouch forms:

A

Superior thyroid glands

35
Q

Ventral wing of fourth pharyngeal pouch

A

Ultimobranchial body

36
Q

What is the ultimobranchial body

A

Embryonic structure that contains c-cells of thyroid (calcitonin)

37
Q

Describe migration of thymus

A

Mid 6th week - lateral to thyroid
7 weeks - migrated inferior /start to change shape and fuse
Parathyroids/ultimobranchial body associated with thyroid

38
Q

Abnormalities resulting from defects in migration

A
  1. cervical thymus
  2. accessory thymus (mostly not active)
39
Q

Typically benign anatomical abnormalities

A
  1. Undescended parathyroid gland
  2. Accessory thymic tissue
  3. Persistent cord of thymic tissue
  4. Ectopic inferior parathyroid gland
40
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome deletion

41
Q

DiGeorge syndrome results from:

A
  • failure of 3rd/4th pouches to differentiate into thymus/parathyroid
42
Q

Symptoms of DiGeorge

A
  1. cardiac abnormality (tetralogy of fallot - hypertrophy in right ventrical)
  2. thymic aplasia
  3. cleft palate
  4. hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism
43
Q

How does arch 1 contribute to tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue epithelium

44
Q

How does arch 2 contribute to tongue?

A

Covered up as arch 3 portion grows

45
Q

How does arch 3 contribute to tongue?

A

Forms most of the remaining 1/3 of tongue epithelium

46
Q

How does arch 4 contribute to tongue?

A

Forms just a bit of tongue at the very back of the throat

47
Q

___ gives rise to tongue muscles

A

Occipital somites

48
Q

Palatoglossus muscle

A

Derived from arch 4

49
Q

CN V innervation to tongue

A

Sensory anterior 2/3

50
Q

CN VII innervation to tongue

A

Taste Anterior 2/3

51
Q

CN IX innervation to tongue

A

Sensory and taste to posterior 1/3

52
Q

CN X innervation to tongue

A

Sensory, just a bit by throat

53
Q

CN 12 innervation to tongue

A

Tongue muscles

54
Q

Development of tongue

A
  • lateral swellings of first arch fuse and grow out
  • copula covered as third arch grows
  • fourth arch forms base of tongue
  • sulcus terminalis separates anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3, points to foramen cecum
55
Q

Thyroid forms from ___ posterior to ____

A

endodermal diverticulum; floor of 1st arch

56
Q

True or false: thyroid is a midline structure

57
Q

What does thyroid diverticulum do

A

Elongates into thyroglossal duct, obliterated later in development

58
Q

Where does thyroglossal duct connect with tongue

A

Foramen cecum

59
Q

Where does thyroid migrate to

A

Anterior of trachea

60
Q

Function of thyroid gland

A

Regulates metabolism, sensitivity to hormones, etc

61
Q

Pathway of descent for thyroid gland

A
  1. foramen cecum
  2. past epiglottis
  3. past hyoid bone
  4. past thyroid cartilage
  5. just inferior to cricoid cartilage
62
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts/sinuses caused by

A

Failure of thyroglossal duct to completely pinch off and degenerate

63
Q

Thyroglossal cysts/sinuses mostly seen by/symptoms

A
  • 5 years old
  • asymptomatic unless infected
  • midline, painless, moveable neck mass
64
Q

Ectopic thyroid

A

Lingual, thyroid usually not in the right place
commonly associated with hypothyroidism
5x more common in females

DEN 7111 Development (19 decks)

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