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DEN 7111 Development > Exam 1 9/24 Davenport > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/24 Davenport Flashcards

1
Q

2nd week of development is characterized by:

A
  1. continued implantation and expansion of the trophoblast (synciotrophoblast) until it surrounds the entire embryo
  2. initial establishment of uteroplacental circulation
  3. formation of bilaminar disc (epiblast and hypoblast)
  4. blastocyst cavity replaced by primary yolk sac and then secondary yolk sac
  5. amniotic and chorionic cavities appear
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2
Q

During the second week, what happens to the trophoblast cells?

A

They divide into 2 layers: cytotrophoblast and synciotrophoblast

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3
Q

Cytotrophoblast surrounds:

A

blastocyst cavity

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4
Q

What happens to the ICM during the second week of development?

A

the embryoblast is compressed due to the formation of the amniotic cavity and the primary yolk sac –> forms true bilaminar disc containing epiblast and hypoblast

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5
Q

What does the synciotrophoblast do?

A

Proliferation of cytotropblast cells that implant into the endometrium, cell membranes break down and cytoplasm/nuclei spill out

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6
Q

Why does synciotrophoblast form?

A

It is more invasive, invades into endometrial laminopropria submucosa to set up appropriate circulation with maternal blood supply

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7
Q

What extraembryonic structures begin their formation during the second week?

A
  1. amniotic cavity
  2. amnion
  3. yolk sac
  4. connecting stalk
  5. chorionic sac
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8
Q

How does amnion form?

A

Amnioblasts separate from epiblast layer and line amnion (above epiblast)

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9
Q

The formation of the amnion results in:

A

formation of bilaminar disc

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10
Q

Which cell layer consists of high columnar cells?

A

Epiblast

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11
Q

Which cell layer consists of small cuboidal cells?

A

Hypoblast

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12
Q

Primary yolk sac another name

A

Exocoelomic cavity

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13
Q

The _____ is related to the amniotic cavity

A

epiblast

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14
Q

The _____ is related to the exocoelomic cavity

A

hypoblast

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15
Q

How does the blastocyst cavity get replaced by primary yolk sac?

A

Cells from hypoblast proliferate and go down to reline the cavity, resulting in primary yolk sac

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16
Q

What gives rise to extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

yolk sac endoderm cells/trophoblast (day 11-12)

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17
Q

Where is extraembronic mesoderm found?

A

Surrounds amnion and yolk sac; found between exocoelomic membrane and cytotrophoblast

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18
Q

Chorion

A

outermost of the two fetal membranes

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19
Q

What does the chorion develop?

A

Villi - vascular finger like projections

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20
Q

Chorionic villi develops into the:

A

placenta

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21
Q

When do the primary chorionic villi appear?

A

second week

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22
Q

What are chorionic villi?

A

vascular finger like projections

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23
Q

What splits the extraembryonic mesoderm into 2 layers?

A

Extraembryonic coelom

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24
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm split into?

A
  1. Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
  2. Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
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25
Q

What has been accomplished at the end of the second week?

A
  1. embryonic disc is flat and bilaminar
  2. hypoblast form a rostral thickened circular area (prechordal plate) which is the future side of the mouth, and caudal end (cloacal plate)
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26
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm covers:

A

cytotrophoblast and amnion

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27
Q

Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm covers:

A

yolk sac

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28
Q

What comprises the chorion?

A

trophoblast and extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

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29
Q

How does extraembryonic coelom form?

A

cavities within the extraembryonic mesoderm quickly fuse (they are loosely arranged around amnion and yolk sac)

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30
Q

How does the yolk sac reduce in size?

A

embryo folds so that we have the embryo encased in amnion

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31
Q

Umbilical vesicle function

A

storage of waste when organs become functional

32
Q

Umbilical cord begins to form from structures in the:

A

connecting stalk

33
Q

What is gastrulation

A

formative process by which the 3 germ layers and axial orientation are established; beginning of morphogenesis

34
Q

Cephalocaudal axis of embryo is defined by the:

A

primitive streak

35
Q

What week does gastrulation begin

A

week 3

36
Q

Primitive streak definition

A

Linear thickening of epiblast cells on the caudal part of the dorsal epiblast of the bilaminar disc

37
Q

How does definitive endoderm form?

A

Epiblast proliferates and replaces underlying hypoblast

38
Q

How does definitive mesoderm form?

A

epiblast continues to proliferate and forms a layer of cells between upper layer and endoderm, forming mesoderm and the epiblast becomes definitive ectoderm

39
Q

How is the prechordal plate maintained in week 3?

A

ectodermal and endodermal layers fuse at the cephalic and caudal ends of the embryonic disc

40
Q

True or false: in the prechordal and cloacal plates, there is no intervening mesoderm

A

True

41
Q

_____ migrate around and cephalic to the prechordal plate to establish the cardiogenic and septum transversum

A

Mesodermal cells

42
Q

When does formation of notochord begin?

A

Around day 16

43
Q

When does the allantois form?

A

Around day 16

44
Q

Allantois function

A

diverticulum of yolk sac extending into the connecting stalk; responsible for early blood formation, which took place previously extraembryonically

45
Q

First sign of gastrulation at the beginning of the 3rd week

A

Primitive streak

46
Q

Where does the primitive streak form?

A

Caudally in median plane on dorsal aspect

47
Q

The area that forms most rostrally of the primitive streak:

A

primitive node, primitive pit

48
Q

_____ is responsible for the establishment of the craniocaudal axis

A

Primitive streak

49
Q

Primitive streak is the origin of cells that will:

A

leave the surface and form mesenchyme

50
Q

Primitive streak is formed by:

A

epiblast proliferation and migrates to the midline, forming a ridge like structure that develops a trough in it

51
Q

_____ actively forms mesoderm until the early part of the 4th week

A

Primitive streak

52
Q

How does the notochord form?

A

mesenchymal cells migrate cranially from the primitive node and pit, forming a median cord

53
Q

As mesenchymal cells migrate to form the notochord, this process acquires:

A

lumen (notochordal canal)

54
Q

____ induce the notochord formation

A

Inducers from the primitive streak

55
Q

True or false: the notochord becomes the vertebral column

A

False - serves as a basis

56
Q

Purpose of the notochord:

A
  1. defines the primordial axis of the embryo and gives it some ridigity
  2. serves as a basis for development of the axial skeleton (head and vertebral column)
  3. indicates future site of vertebral bodies
57
Q

Prior to folding, notochordal plate is intercalated in the:

A

embryonic endoderm

58
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Process involved in the formation of the neural plate and neural folds to form the neural tube

59
Q

When is neurulation completed?

A

By end of 4th week when caudal neuropore closes

60
Q

During neurulation, the embryo is called the:

A

neurula

61
Q

What induces the neural tube to form?

A

Notochord

62
Q

Which germ layer thickens during neurulation?

A

ectoderm

63
Q

Neural plate/tube gives rise to:

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

64
Q

____ broadens to extend cranially to the oropharyngeal membrane

A

Neural plate/tube

65
Q

How do the neural groove/folds form?

A

Neural plate expands and invaginates along its central axis

66
Q

First signs of brain development

A

Neural plate folds become prominent at cranial end

67
Q

When do the neural folds move together and fuse into neural tube?

A

End of 3rd week

68
Q

Neural tube separates from:

A

surface ectoderm, drops below it

69
Q

Where do neural crest cells come from?

A

Cells that become orphaned from the crests of the neural folds as the neural tube forms

70
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A
  1. sensory ganglia of spinal cord and cranial nerves
  2. dorsal root ganglia, ANS ganglia, ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, X
  3. neurolemmal sheaths of peripheral nerves and meninges of brain and spinal cord
  4. formation of pigment cells, adrenal medulla, skeletal and muscular components of the head and neck
71
Q

As the notochord and neural tube develop, the intraembryonic mesoderm proliferates and organizes to form:

A

paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

72
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm is continuous with _____ and covers _____

A

extraembryonic mesoderm; yolk sac and amnion

73
Q

Fate of embryonic ectoderm

A

epidermis, CNS, PNS, retina of the eye, etc.

74
Q

Embryonic endoderm fate

A

lining of respiratory passages and GI tract (including glands)

75
Q

Fate of embryonic mesoderm

A

Smooth muscle, CT, most of CV system, blood and bone marrow, skeleton, striated muscle, reproductive and excretory organs

DEN 7111 Development (19 decks)

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