Exam 2 Chapters 18,20&21 Flashcards by Faye Sitron

Antibodies are made up of what type of molecule?

Proteins

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What are the defenses we are born with such as skin a part of?

Innate immune system

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What type of defenses do newborns have?

Only innate defenses

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Which vessels have valves?

Lymph vessels and veins

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What does prior exposure to an antigen create that helps speed the secondary response?

Memory cells

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How do we define immunity?

The ability to resist disease

Processes that protect the body from cellular injury and disease-causing cells and substances

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Methods of defense against pathogens

Opsonization
Secreting cytokines
Engulfing them
Secreting membrane attack complex proteins

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Process that happens when large numbers of antibodies and antigens make large complexes

Agglutination

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What does HIV infect?

CD 4 T cells

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Is fever beneficial to the body? What does it do to pathogens?

Yes it can

Pathogens can be inhibited

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What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

The right side of the trunk and the head and the right arm

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What can rheumatoid arthritis be caused by?

Malfunctioning suppressor T cells

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What do B cells divide to make once they are sensitized by helper T cells?

Plasma cells

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What are the 4 properties of immunity?

Memory
Specificity
Tolerance
Versatility

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Signs of inflammation

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Fever

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Type of cell that tracks, captures and engulfs foreign invaders like bacteria

Phagocyte

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System that is mostly concerned with defending the body against foreign invaders

Lymphatic system

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What type of cells do APCs directly activate?

T cells

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What do we call a life threatening allergic reaction that causes respiratory passages to constrict and vessels to dilate?

Anaphylaxis

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What does the variable segment of an antibody recognize and bind to?

The epitome of an antigen

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Where does the pulmonary circuit send blood to?

The lungs

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What do we call abnormally high blood pressure?

Hypertension

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Which vessel has the thickest walls?

Arteries

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Structures found only in veins and not arteries

Valves

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The body’s smallest vessels function as a network called:

Capillary beds

Where is the majority of our blood contained?

Veins and venules

Ways used to increase blood flow

Low oxygen concentration Vasodilation Release of hormones like angiotensin

Two structures that divert blood away from the non-functional fetal lungs

Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

How does oxygenated blood move into the tissues?

Diffusion

In lung tissue, when oxygen is low, blood flow to that tissue is:

Reduced

What helps blood flow from the inferior vena cava into the right atrium?

Valves Breathing Moving skeletal muscles

What type of capillaries would be in the blood-brain barrier?

Continuous

What happens if blood volume declines?

Fluid is recovered from the tissues by increased reabsorption

Blood vessels that allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

Capillaries

How is fluid drawn in during capillary exchange?

Osmosis

Order of capillaries from leakiest to least leaky

Sinusoid Fenestrated Continuous

What is blood flow into capillary beds regulated by?

Precapillary sphincters Vasomotion The needs of the tissue that capillary bed supplies

Quality of the aorta that contributes to both coronary circulation and keeping blood flow continuous

Elastic rebound

How does losing weight reduce blood pressure?

More fat requires more blood vessels. Reducing the overall length of vessels reduces the resistance

Why are vein walls thinner than arteries?

Blood pressure is lower in veins

What has a great effect on vascular resistance?

Vessel diameter

A tunica media with more elastic fibers and smooth muscle describes an :

Artery

Blood vessels that allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

Capillaries

What causes precapillary sphincters to relax, increasing blood flow to the capillary bed

A drop in oxygen

Chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the pH of the blood are found in:

Both the carotid bodies and aortic bodies

Structure that allows deoxygenated blood to flow to the placenta

Umbilical artery

What does the immune system do? What is it composed of?

Works to defend the body against internal/external threats Consists only of cells and proteins located in the blood and tissues of other systems like the lymphatic— leukocytes and immune proteins located in the plasma

What is the lymphatic system? What does it consist of?

Group of organs and tissues that work with the immune system and participate in a number of functions Consists of lymphatic vessels and tissues

What are lymphatic vessels?

System of blind-ended tubes

What is lymphatic tissue/organs?

Clusters of lymphoid follicles like tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus

What would an increase in interferons indicate?

A viral infection

What part of an antigen does the variable segment of an antibody bind to?

The epitope

What will allow T cells to become activated when encountering APCs?

A second site on the T cell is co-stimulated

Of the following, which is not a lymphocyte? Macrophage T helper cell NK cell B cell

Macrophage

What is the main muscle used in breathing?

Diaphragm

Double layered membrane that attaches the lungs to the thoracic cavity wall

Pleural membranes

Is inhalation active or passive? Exhalation?

Inhalation is active, exhalation can be either active or passive

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

By binding to hemoglobin

Does all air exit the lungs during normal, quiet breathing exhalation?

Of the following, which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? Trachea Bronchus Larynx Alveolus

Alveolus

Where is the laryngeal prominence, a structure on the thyroid cartilage, enlarged?

In men

Where are vocal folds found?

Larynx

What do we call the air that is moved into the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

Anatomic dead space

Is the amount of air that reaches the respiratory portion of the lungs more or less than the tidal volume?

Less

Cells and tissues contained in respiratory mucosa

Simple squamous epithelia Pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelia Stratified squamous epithelia Mucous producing cells

How is the majority of carbon dioxide in blood transported?

As carbonic acid

What type of pressure is only slightly less than atmospheric pressure during normal breathing but can increase dramatically when oxygen needs increase?

Intrapulmonary pressure

Basics of Boyle’s Law

Inversely proportional As pressure increases, volume decreases

What does expanding the size of your thoracic cavity do?

Reduces the pressure, drawing air into the lungs

What is the 3D shape of hemoglobin affected by?

Number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin Temperature pH

What are mucous-producing cells a part of?

The respiratory defense system

What type of hemoglobin has the strongest pull on oxygen?

Fetal

Which is always greater, intrapleural pressure or intrapulmonary pressure?

Intrapulmonary pressure

What are some parts of external respiration?

Movement of air into and out of the lungs Exchange of gases from the lungs to the blood Movement of gases within the blood

What does the trachea branch into?

Left and right bronchi

Where is neural control of breathing found?

Medulla oblongata and pons

What are some reasons gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is so efficient?

Very large surface are The gases are lipid soluble Simple squamous epithelia joins to the one-cell thick capillary making a thin barrier

Of the following, which does the respiratory system include? Lymphocytes Mucous producing cells Flagella Inflammation

Mucous producing cells

What structure is used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

Pharynx

What is the hyaline cartilage structure that blocks the entrance to the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea?

Epiglottis

Which law tells us that the amount of CO2 in our blood is determined by its partial pressure?

Dalton’s law