Chapters 22 23 24 Quiz Questions Flashcards
What organs lining or lumen has the largest surface area?
Small intestine
Can the shape of the stomach change? Why/how?
Yes. Folds, or Rugae, allow for expansion
What are some functions of saliva?
Lubricating the mouth
Moistening food
Beginning chemical digestion
Where in the digestive system does the most absorption occur? What are the three parts?
Small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What would the activation of the sympathetic nervous system do to the digestive tract?
It would inhibit it
What is the two layered serous membrane that surrounds most of the digestive organs?
Peritoneum
Which fat soluble vitamins can be stored by the body?
K, A, D and E
What is the name of the movement that is caused by the muscularis externa to move food through the digestive tract by sequential contractions?
Peristalsis
What does the large intestine absorb besides water?
Vitamins, electrolytes
What are the 3 types of salivary glands?
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
What are the primary functions of the stomach?
Secretion, propulsion and digestion (chemical and mechanical)
In what way are the small intestine and large intestine similar?
Both are sites of absorption
What type of absorption is the large intestine mostly concerned with?
Reclaiming water
What is the function of gastrin?
Stimulates stomach muscles to mix the food
Stimulates acid secretion (H+)
What organ is glucose spared for during the postabsorptive state when the liver uses triglycerides for energy?
The brain
What is the process called when our bodies break down food from complex molecules to simpler molecules to release energy?
Catabolism
Over reliance on triglycerides for energy can leave the body flooded in metabolite the liver cannot recycle which can lead to a condition known as:
Ketoacidosis
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Mitochondria
Can you overdose on vitamin C? Why or why not?
You cannot overdose on it because the body does not store it
What process yields 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
What are the two main parts of the nephron?
The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
Where is urine moved to for storage after it leaves the kidneys?
Bladder
About what percentage of cardiac output is sent to the kidneys?
25%
What is a normal pH for urine?
Slightly acidic at 6.0 pH
What does the presence of rugae in the lining of the bladder suggest that it can do?
Expand
What are some functions of the urinary system?
Adjusts blood pH
Conserves water loss
Adjust blood volume
How many sphincters are in the urinary system? Voluntary or involuntary
Two sphincters one is voluntary
What does the afferent arterial become as it leaves the glomerulus?
The peritubular capillaries
Which nervous system primarily controls regulation of blood flow to the kidneys?
Sympathetic nervous system
What do the filtration slits in the glomerulus allow the passage of?
Fluid and small solutes
What is fluid removed from the blood in the glomerular corpuscles called?
Filtrate
What process happens in the renal tubule and returns desirable substances like glucose back into the blood?
Reabsorption
Is the urethra longer in men or women?
Men
Compared to blood which element is in highest concentration in the urine?
Nitrogen
What do the long loops of Henle in the juxtamedullary nephrons promote as they extend deep into the renal medulla where peritubular fluid has high osmotic concentration?
Promote water recovery and concentrated urine
Which organ has the task of storing and concentrating bile?
Gallbladder
Where in the digestive system are plicae circulares, microvilli and villi found?
Small intestine
What are some of the functions of the liver?
Make blood plasma proteins
Regulate the composition of nutrients in our blood
Produce bile
What is the name for the soupy mixture that travels through the pyloric sphincter? Where does it enter from there?
Chyme moves into the duodenum
What does cholecystokinin (CCK) do?
Triggers the secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions from the pancreas
Is swallowing a voluntary or involuntary process?
Both voluntary and involuntary
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate energy and skeletal muscles and liver?
Glycogen
What is the amount of energy called that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C?
Calorie
Where are the membrane proteins that are reduced by NADH and FADH2‘s electrons found?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane
If the last meal you eat was six hours ago, what is the liver doing?
Releasing glucose from its glycogen stores
What does the electron transport system create that is used to make ATP? How is this done?
Creates glucose by oxidizing and reducing a chain of membrane proteins
What percentage of water do the kidneys recover? How much blood do they filter per day?
99% of water
180 liters of blood
What are some things that will affect glomerular filtration rate?
Release of angiotensin
Constriction of efferent arterioles
Dilation of afferent arterioles
What is the force that drives filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure
