Chapter 26- Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the gonads in females?
Ovaries
Are reproductive cells capable of fertilization immediately after leaving our gonads?
No
Is taking a woman’s temperature a low-tech way if identifying time of ovulation?
Yes
Two major components of the reproductive cycle
Ovarian and uterine cycle
In what phase does repair to the endometrium occur following menses?
Rising estrogens causing the proliferative phase
What are the two main muscles that control the distance of the testes from the body? Why are they important?
Cremaster and dartos muscles
Control and maintain optimal temperature for sperm production
What happens at puberty to the remainder of the primordial follicles that will not be ovulated?
Atresia
Erection of the penis is accomplished by increasing blood flow to what parts?
The corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa
What do the uterine tubes do?
Responsible for movement of fertilized embryo to uterus
Secrete nutrients for spermatozoa
Secrete mucins
Secrete nutrients for the fertilized embryo
What hormone most directly controls the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone
What is the muscular portion of the uterus that provides the force during childbirth?
Myometeium
What does mitosis create?
2 identical daughter cells
What does meiosis create?
4 cells with half the DNA of the parental cell
Where do spermatozoa complete capacitation?
In the uterine tube
What structure secretes a fluid that lunricates the glans penis before ejaculation?
Bulbourethral glands
What are female gametes called at the earliest stage of development?
Primordial follicles
What is the difference between the products of meiosis in males versus females?
Females produce one gamete a month that we call an ovum. Process is called oogenesis and is different than spermatogenesis and that only one egg is produced while males produce a half billion sperm per day
What are the structures that gametes progress through as they develop in a male?
Primary spermatocyte-> secondary soermatocyte-> spermatid-> spermatozoa
What is the spermatic cord?
Tube extending from the scrotum. Houses ductus deferens, blood and lymph vessels and nerves
At what temperature does sperm development occur?
1.1 degrees Celsius LOWER than normal body temperature
What is the function of testes?
Location of spermatozoa productions and secretion of androgen hormones, primarily testosterone
What is produced from interstitial (Leydig) cells and where are they located?
Produce androgens
Located in connective tissue around seminiferous tubules in testes
What is spermatogenesis?
Process in which gametes are produced
What is spermiogenesis?
Process of spermatozoa maturation
Involves shape and size change
What is spermiation?
Spermatozoon loses attachment to nurse cell, enters seminiferous tubule
Spermatozoa are functionally immature and incapable of fertilization
What is the functions of nurse, or Sertoli, cells?
Promote spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
Maintain blood-testis barrier
Secrete inhibin
Secrete androgen bonding protein and Mullerian inhibiting factor
What is the function of the epididymis?
Site of spermatozoa maturation and storage
What is capacitation?
When sperm becomes fully capable of fertilization
Become motile when in contact with secretions from seminal glands, fully capacitated when in female reproductive tract
What is the ejaculatory duct?
Short duct that receives sperm from ductus deferens. Travels through prostate on its way to urethra
Also location of seminal vesicle
What is the urethra?
Belongs to both the reproductive and urinary systems.
Transports both urine and semen
Three parts include the prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra
What are the three accessories glands of the male reproductive system?
Seminal vesicles – secrete seminal fluid that makes up 60% of semen volume
Prostate - contracts during ejaculation and squeezes prostatic secretions into prostatic urethra
Bulbourethral glands – secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in urethra in response to sexual stimulation. Also lubricates the glans penis
What are the effects of capital LH & FSH in the male reproductive system?
LH Stimulates interstitial cells to begin producing testosterone.
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein and inhibin hormone
How does GnRH secretion differ in males and females?
In females, GnRH pulse frequency changes over the course of the ovarian cycle controlled by estrogen and progesterone.
In males it is secreted in pulses in 60 to 90 minute intervals, controls secretion of FSH and LH
What limits side to side movement and rotation of uterus
The broad ligament, attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity
How are the ovaries held in place?
The mesovarium, ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament’s hold them in place
What are the functions of the ovaries
Functions to produce female gametes, secrete female sex hormones (estrogens, progestin, relaxin) and secretion of inhibin
What is oogenesis? When does it begin, accelerate and end?
Process in which female gametes are produced
Begins at birth, accelerated at puberty and ends at menopause
What is the path that oocytes travel as they mature in the ovary and after ovulation?
Primary oocytes are located in primary follicles. Midway through cycle oocyte moves into Central chamber of follicle and completes meiosis one. Ova detach from follicular wall. Secondary oocyte with corona radiata are released into fallopian tube and then uterine tube
What is the follicular phase of Ovarian cycle?
The follicular or proliferative phase is day one through 14 and is pre-ovulatory. Phase in which follicles of the ovary mature and ends with ovulation
What is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
This phase is post ovulatory and extends from day 14 to 28. Ruptured follicle closes after releasing the egg and forms the corpus luteum which produces increasing quantities of progesterone
In each ovarian cycle several primordial follicles will begin maturing but only one ends up being ovulated. What happens to the others?
Empty follicles collapse and ruptured vessels bleed into the antrum
What are the three parts of the uterine tubes
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
What are the 4 parts of the uterus?
Fundus
Uterine body
Cervix
Cervical canal
How do ovulated ova end up in the uterine tube when they don’t form a continuous structure?
Fibrulated ends of the fallopian tube sweep across the ovary and cilia adhere to the egg and move it to the tube
How long do oocytes have to be fertilized by sperm?
24 hours
Describe the different layers of the uterus
Parametrium is an incomplete serous membrane
Myometrium is a thick, outer muscular layer that contract during childbirth
Endometrium is a thin glandular layer that supports the growing fetus
What are the two layers of the endometrium? How do they receive blood?
Stratum functionalis - she’s during menstruation and receives blood supply through spiral arteries
Stratum basalis - deeper layer, replaces the stratum functionalis at the end of menstruation. Receives blood through spiral and straight arteries
What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
Uterus sheds the stratum functionalis, this is menstruation
What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
New stratum functionalis is formed, area becomes heavily vascularized
Stimulated by estrogens being secreted by developing ovarian follicles
Ovulation occurs at the end of this phase
What happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Uterine arteries elongate and convert the stratum functionalis into secretory mucosa that can nourish an egg
If the egg is not fertilized, menses will occur
What is menarche?
First uterine cycle that begins at puberty
What is menopause?
Termination of uterine cycles
What hormones spike causes ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does the corpus luteum do? How long will it secrete it’s hormone?
Secretes progesterone which is responsible for the development and maintenance of the endometrium
Will secrete for one week
What are the hormones that cause the proliferative and secretory phase is of the uterine cycle?
Estrogen stimulates regeneration of the functional zone (proliferation) and rising progesterone starts the secretory phase
How does hormonal fluctuation affect body temperature?
During the follicular phase and ovulation body temperature decreases and rises again after ovulation
Where does sperm production begin?
Seminiferous tubules
