Chapter 19- Blood Flashcards by Faye Sitron

Major components of blood

Plasma- extracellular matrix

Formed elements- cells and cell fragments in plasma

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Formed elements in blood

Erythrocytes- red blood cells

Leukocytes- white blood cells

Platelets- tiny cellular fragments

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Hematocrit

Percentage of blood that is composed of erythrocytes

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Functions of blood

Exchanging gases
Distributing solutes
Immune functions
Maintaining body temp
Sealing damaged blood vessels- clotting
Preserving acid-base homeostasis 
Stabilizing blood pressure

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Plasma

Pale yellow liquid composed primarily of water. Determines viscosity of blood

Top layer of blood when centrifuged

55% of total blood volume

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Plasma proteins

Made by the liver and too big to dissolve in the water portion so form a colloid

Albumin
Immune proteins
Transport proteins
Clotting proteins

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Albumin

Synthesized only the liver

Large protein responsible for the pressure that draws water into the blood via osmosis (gradients)

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Antibodies (immune proteins)

g-Globulins

Plasma proteins of the immune system.

Produced by leukocytes

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Transport proteins

Bind to fats and steroids which are hydrophobic you help them move safely through blood without binding to each other and and forming clumps

a and B-globulins
Lipoproteins

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Clotting proteins

Combine with platelets to form blood clots to stop bleeding from injured blood vessels

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Buffycoat

Middle layer of centrifuged blood consisting of leukocytes and platelets

Only 1% of total blood volume

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Bottom layer of centrifuged blood

44% of total blood volume

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Exchanging gases function

Erythrocytes Carey oxygen from the lungs to other tissues and carry CO2 back to the lungs

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Distributing solutes function

Plasma transports nutrients, hormones and wastes

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Performing immune functions

Leukocytes and proteins use blood as transport system to any tissue in the body

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Maintaining body temperature function

Blood carries heat away from actively metabolizing tissues

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Sealing damaged vessels by forming blood clots function

Platelets form cloys when vessels are damaged to prevent excess blood loss

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Preserving acid-base homeostasis

Blood composition controls the body’s buffer systems

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Stabilizing blood pressure

Blood volume determines blood pressure and is vital to keeping it at a constant level

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Erythrocyte structure

Biconcave disc; flattened, donut shape

Increases surface area of the cell

Their structure enables them to transport O2 and CO2

Mature RBCs are anucleate-no nucleus and barely any other organelles

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Hemoglobin

Large, oxygen binding protein consisting of 4 polypeptide subunits: two alpha chains and two beta chains

Releases O2 into regions where O2 concentration is low

Heme group

Each heme group contains one iron ion with a polypeptide making it able to bind to oxygen

Oxyhemoglobin

Red colored molecule that forms in the lungs when the iron ion in a heme group is exposed to high concentration of oxygen

Carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin binds to CO2 in tissues where O2 levels are low

Accounts for 23% of CO2 transportation in blood

Life span of an erythrocyte

100-120 days

Hematopoiesis

takes place in red bone marrow Formed elements are produced by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Erythropoiesis

Specific process that produces erythrocytes from HSCs 5-7 day process

Erythrocyte colony forming units (CFUs)

HSCs differentiate into progenitor cells that have committed to forming only one single cell type

Proerythroblasts

Blast cell of a hematocytoblast stem cell that develops into an erythrocyte Erythrocyte CFUs differentiate into proerythroblasts when erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys

Erythroblasts

Immature erythrocyte, containing a nucleus Rapidly synthesize Hb and other proteins

Reticulocyte

Immature red blood cell that has no nucleus Enter blood stream after rejecting remaining organelles

Erythropoietin

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that speeds up RBC production and reduces the amount of time it takes for them to mature

Leukocytes

White blood cells that perform immune functions. Divided into two basic categories: Granulocytes Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

Distinguished by the unusual shape of their nuclei and the different colors they take on when staid with various dyes like methylene blue and acidic eosin dye Include: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

WBCs lacking visible granules | Include: lymphocytes, monocytes

What are Neutrophils and what is their percentage in the blood?

Most common leukocyte When stained will be lilac in color. Nucleus is usually 3-5 lobes Involved in chemotaxis Directly kill bacterial cells, enhance inflammation 50-70%

What are Eosinophils and what is their percentage in the blood?

Nucleus is “bilobed” and cell will spear red when dyed. They respond to infection by parasitic worms and allergic reactions 2-4%

What are Basophils and what is their percentage in the blood?

Least common leukocyte. S-shapes nucleus and will appear dark purple Their function is to mediate inflammation 1%

What are Lymphocytes and what is their percentage rate in the blood?

Second most common leukocyte. Have large round nucleus and a thin, light blue rim of cytoplasm. Activated by antigens B lymphocytes- produce antibodies that bind to and remove antigens from tissues T lymphocytes- do not produce antibodies. Directly destroy abnormal cells like cancer 20-30%

What are Monocytes and what is their percentage in the blood?

Largest leukocyte. Large U-shapes nucleus surrounded by light blue or purple cytoplasm Only stay in blood briefly before entering tissues where some mature into macrophages 2-8%

Leukopoiesis

Process in the bone marrow that uses HSCs to form new leukocytes HSCs divide and split into two cell lines: myeloid cell line, lymphoid cell line

Myeloid cell line

Produces most of the firmed elements including RBCs and platelets

Lymphoid cell line

Produces lymphocytes B lymphocytes remain in blood while they grow T lymphocytes move to the thymus

What do platelets lack?

Nuclei and other organelles

Megacaryocytes

Developed from megacaryoblasts that go through multiple rounds of mitosis but never divides so it results in a very large cell with multiple copies of DNA

Lifespan of platelets

7-10 days

Hemostasis

Series of 5 distinct events that form a a clot that plugs broken blood vessels. Primary function is to limit significant blood loss

Blood groups

Genetically predetermined carbohydrate chains

What is differential count of WBCs?

The percentage of each WBC type present in your blood

Order of blood cells from largest to smallest percentage in the blood

``` Neutrophils (50-70%) Lymphocytes (20-30%) Monocytes (2-8%) Eosinophils (2-4%) Basophils (1%) ```