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A & P II > Chapter 20- The Lynphatic System And Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 20- The Lynphatic System And Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system do? What is it composed of?

A

Works to defend the body against internal/external threats

Consists of cells and proteins located in the blood and tissues of other systems like the lymphatic— leukocytes and immune proteins located in the plasma

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system? What does it consist of?

A

Group of organs and tissues that work with the immune system and participate in a number of functions

Consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissues and organs

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3
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

A system of blind-ended tubes

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4
Q

What are lymphatic tissues and organs?

A

Clusters of lymphoid follicles like tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus

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5
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
Absorption of dietary fats
Immune functions

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6
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid that exits the extra cellular space and enters the lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

What happens to excess fluids in the extra cellular space?

A

It is picked up by the lymphatic vessels, transported through the body and returned to the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Lymphatic circulation

A

Lymph is collected in vessels called lymph-collecting vessels which merge and form larger vessels called lymph trunks

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9
Q

How many lymph trunks drain from specific body regions?

A

Nine

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10
Q

What is the cisterns chyli?

A

Large, swollen vessel that the intestinal and lumbar trunks drain into

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11
Q

Two ducts that the cisterns chyli and other lymph trunks drain into

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

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12
Q

Where does lymph drain into the blood of the low pressure venous circuit?

A

Subclavian veins

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13
Q

What assist lymph in being transported against gravity?

A

Valves
Contracting skeletal muscles
Smooth muscle in the walls of lymph-collecting vessels

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14
Q

What are the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Where lymphatic vessels begin

Surround blood capillary beds

Blind-ended, one way system

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15
Q

Are the cells of lymphatic capillaries tightly joined? Why?

A

No, they are able to flap open and closed allowing large volumes of fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries

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16
Q

What happens when the pressure in the IF decreases?

A

Endothelial cells flap shut

Lymphatic system precisely controls the amount of fluid between our cells

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17
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Cluster of lymphoid organs along lymphatic vessels.

Limit the spread of pathogens throughout the body by acting as filters

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18
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A

Predominant type of tissue of lymphatic system.

Loose connective tissue contains specialized cells and reticular fibers that form nets to trap pathogens

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19
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? (MALT)

A

Loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects mucous membranes.

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20
Q

Where is specialized MALT found?

A

Tonsils
Prayers Patches
appendix

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21
Q

Where are specific clusters of lymph nodes located?

A

Under the arms- axillary
In the neck- cervical
In the groin- inguinal
In the abdominal cavity- me sent Eric

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22
Q

What are the small lymphatic vesselsncalled that lymph flows through before moving through the reticular network?

A

Afterward lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

Which vessels does lymph flow through after is has been filtered of pathogens?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

To trap 90% of pathogens in lymph and prevent them from being delivered to the blood where they could spread to other tissues

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25
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ that protects the body from pathogens that have entered the blood?

A

The spleen

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26
Q

Two-lobed organ that secretes hormones to generate T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens

A

Thymus

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27
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

Surface barriers

Cutaneous and mucous membranes

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28
Q

What is the body’s second line of defense?

A

Innate immunity

Responds to all pathogens the same way using antimicrobial proteins

Exist in the blood even in the absence of a stimulus

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29
Q

What is the body’s third line of defense?

A

Adaptive immunity

Respond to specific antigens and form memory of them for the future

3-5 days to mount a response but then will be the dominant response

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30
Q

Why is adaptive immunity slower that innate immunity?

A

One must be exposed to an antigen before the body can develop an immune response

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31
Q

What are the two arms of adaptive immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity- Two types of T cells

Antibody-mediated immunity- B cells and antibodies

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32
Q

Surface barriers in the first line of defense

A

Cutaneous (skin) membrane

Mucous membranes

Products they secrete

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33
Q

What are Phagocytes

A

Cells that can eat foreign or damaged cells

Many cells of the immune system can function as them

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34
Q

What are Natural Killer cells and where are they located?

A

Located in the blood and spleen

Function in innate immunity

Main role is to activate the T cells of adaptive immunity

Can identify cancer cells but not specific antigens

Secrete antimicrobial cytokines to activate macrophages

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35
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Molecules used for signaling cell to cell communication

Communication about initiating an immune response or triggering cell movement to specific areas of the body

Tumor necrosis factor
Interferons
Interleukins

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36
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Foreign particles are marked for phagocytosis

Tags infected cells and identifies pathogens with the same antigens

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37
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Attraction and movement of macrophages to a chemical signal

Think of a taxi, transporting macrophages

38
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Uses antibodies to bind pathogens together so that immune cells can attack and weaken them as a group

39
Q

Protein components of the immune system

A

Antibodies
Complement system
Cytokines

40
Q

Lymphoid organs where B cells, T cells and macrophages reside

A

Lymph nodes
MALT
Spleen

41
Q

How do lymphoid organs and tissues trap pathogens?

A

Reticular fibers in lymphoid tissues form nets that trap pathogens so that leukocytes can access them easier

42
Q

What are Dendritic cells and what do they do?

A

Most important antigen presenting cells

Can identify threats and act as messengers for the rest of the immune system by antigen presentation

Act as a bridge btw the adaptive and innate immune systems

Activate B and T cells

43
Q

Two main components of innate immunity involved in rapid response?

A

Complement proteins and a variety of cytokines and several types of cells including neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells

44
Q

What are complement proteins?

A

Plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or by pathogen bound antibodies leading to the complement cascade of reactions on the surface of pathogens

Main effects include: cell lysis, formation of membrane attack complex, enhanced inflammation, neutralization if viruses, enhancing phagocytosis, opsonization and clearance of immune complexes

45
Q

What are the two types of cells of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes and non-phagocytic cells

46
Q

What are the different types of phagocytes involved in innate immunity?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells

47
Q

Process by which cells ingest particles and other cells

A

Phagocytosis

48
Q

Types of non-phagocytic cells of innate immunity

A

NK cells

Basophils

49
Q

What are two basic stages of the inflammatory response?

A

1) release of inflammatory mediator and the cardinal signs of inflammation
2) the phagocytosis response

50
Q

Basic process of the inflammatory response

A

Tissue damage initiates response

Activated complement proteins trigger the release of inflammatory mediators such as basophils and mast cells— act as mediators themselves

Injured area becomes red and swollen, feels warm and hurts

51
Q

What are some inflammatory mediators?

A 
Histamine
Serotonin
Cytokines
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
52
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

What are they caused by?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

Caused by: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, occurrence of pain, recruitment of other cells (chemotaxis)

53
Q

What is margination?

A

When inflammatory mediators make the capillary endothelium in the damaged area sticky so neutrophils adhere to the capillary wall

54
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When inflammatory mediators increase capillary permeability so neutrophils can squeeze between endothelial cells into the damaged tissue

55
Q

What are the steps of the phagocyte response?

A

1) local macrophages activated. Neutrophils migrate to damaged tissue and phagocytize bacteria
2) margination occurs and neutrophils enter damaged tissue by diapedesis and begin to destroy bacteria and other cellular debris
3) monocytes migrate to the area and become macrophages which phagocytize pathogens
4) bone marrow increases production of leukocytes leading to leukocytosis

56
Q

What is fever? How does it occur?

A

Body temperature above the normal range

A person with fever is referred to as febrile

An innate response to cellular injury that is initiated when pyrogens are released from damaged cells or certain bacteria

57
Q

Classes of T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity. What do they respond to?

A

Helper T cells (Th)
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

Respond to cells infected with intracellular pathogens (viruses and bacteria)

58
Q

Where are T cells formed and matured?

A

Formed in the bone marrow but migrate to and mature in the thymus

59
Q

What is a clone?

A

Antigen that each population of T cells can respond to

60
Q

What does it mean to be immunocompetent?

A

Able to mount a normal response to foreign antigens

61
Q

What is self-tolerance?

A

When self-reactive T cells are destroyed, it ensures that T cells will be prevented from attacking self cells

62
Q

What are major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCs)?

A

Pieces of antigen bound to glycoproteins

Major determinants of compatibility among tissue and organ donors/recipients

63
Q

Two types of MHC molecules

A

Class I MHC molecules

Class II MHC molecules

64
Q

Class I MHC molecules

A

Found in surface of plasma membrane.

Present endogenous antigens (those synthesized in the cell).

Cytotoxic T cells generally only interact with class I MHCs

65
Q

Class II MHC molecules

A

Found only on the surface of antigen presenting cells.

Present exogenous antigens (those the cell takes in by phagocytosis).

Helper T cells generally interact with class II MHCs

66
Q

Role of helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines that activate and enhance versions components of the immune response

67
Q

Role of cytotoxic T cells

A

Cytotoxic effects

Kill cells with foreign antigens bound to class I MHC molecules critical for detection of cancer cells

68
Q

What is perforin?

A

Released by Tc cells

Forms pores in the target cells plasma membrane

69
Q

Three phases of antibody-mediated immunity?

A

1) B cell clone recognizes its specific antigen which triggers it to secrete antibodies
2) antibody levels rise dramatically
3) persistence of B cells that react more rapidly and efficiently if the antigen is encountered again

70
Q

What are antibodies

A

Action component of antibody-mediated immunity

Responsible for its actions or effects on mediating the destruction of antigens to which they bind

71
Q

What two populations do B cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells- secrete antibodies

Memory B cells- respond to antigens upon a second exposure

72
Q

what is Precipitation?

A

Similar to agglutination but involves soluble antigens instead of whole cells

73
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Antibodies bind to things like viruses and bacteria and prevent them from interacting with our cells, rendering them inactive

74
Q

What is complement activation?

A

Several antibodies (IgM and IgG) bind and activate the complement proteins of innate immunity.

When antibodies bind a cell, their complement binding site is exposed. Allows complement to activate and lose the foreign cell with its membrane attack complex

75
Q

What are the two types of antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Active and passive

76
Q

What is active immunity?

A

The body’s cells actively respond to an antigen.

Results in the production of memory cells and a large number of antibodies which makes it long lasting

77
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When preformed antibodies are passed from one organism to another

Short lived

78
Q

Three types of immune system disorders

A

Hypersensitivity disorder
Immunodeficiency disorder
Autoimmune disorder

79
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Immune system may overreact and damage tissues

Type 1: Allergies
Type 2: Reactions to antibiotics

80
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
81
Q

What is IgG?

A

Monomer
Makes up majority of antibodies
Only antibody that can cross the placenta
Functions in opsonization, neutralization and complement fixation
Greatly enhances phagocytosis

82
Q

What is IgA?

A

Dimer
Found in secretions like saliva and breastmilk
Functions in agglutination and neutralization

83
Q

What is IgM?

A

Pentamer
First antibody secreted on exposure to an antigen
Most potent agglutination and precipitating agent
Functions in complement fixation

84
Q

What is IgE?

A

Monomer
Binds mast cells and basophils and triggers their degranulation, facilitating inflammation, particularly in the allergic response

85
Q

What is IgD?

A

Monomer
Antibody found exclusively on the surface of B cells
Has a role in B cell sensitization and activation

86
Q

What is stimulation of inflammation?

A

IgE directly triggers inflammation by initiating the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils

87
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

4-5 day lag phase as B cells reproduce and split into plasma cells and memory cells and secrete antibodies.

Antibody levels peak 7-14 days after exposure

Future exposure to the same antigen results in the activation of memory B cells formed during primary immune response

Primary antibody involved is IgM

88
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

When memory B cells encounter the antigen for which they are specific

Primary antibody involved is IgG

Antibodies are more effective in secondary response

89
Q

What are immunodeficiency disorders?

A

Decrease in function of one or more components of the immune system.

Primary: genetic
Secondary:through infection, trauma, cancer and some meds

90
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders

A

Impair either innate or adaptive immunity.

Most common dysfunctions involve deficient complement proteins or abnormalities in phagocytes

91
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders

A

Many are induced artificially to combat cancers

Most common is virally induced AIDS

92
Q

Three phases of HIV

A

Acute
Chronic
Final

A & P II (15 decks)

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