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A & P II > Chapter 20- The Lynphatic System And Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 20- The Lynphatic System And Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system do? What is it composed of?

A

Works to defend the body against internal/external threats

Consists of cells and proteins located in the blood and tissues of other systems like the lymphatic— leukocytes and immune proteins located in the plasma

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system? What does it consist of?

A

Group of organs and tissues that work with the immune system and participate in a number of functions

Consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissues and organs

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3
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

A system of blind-ended tubes

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4
Q

What are lymphatic tissues and organs?

A

Clusters of lymphoid follicles like tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus

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5
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
Absorption of dietary fats
Immune functions

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6
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid that exits the extra cellular space and enters the lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

What happens to excess fluids in the extra cellular space?

A

It is picked up by the lymphatic vessels, transported through the body and returned to the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Lymphatic circulation

A

Lymph is collected in vessels called lymph-collecting vessels which merge and form larger vessels called lymph trunks

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9
Q

How many lymph trunks drain from specific body regions?

A

Nine

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10
Q

What is the cisterns chyli?

A

Large, swollen vessel that the intestinal and lumbar trunks drain into

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11
Q

Two ducts that the cisterns chyli and other lymph trunks drain into

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

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12
Q

Where does lymph drain into the blood of the low pressure venous circuit?

A

Subclavian veins

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13
Q

What assist lymph in being transported against gravity?

A

Valves
Contracting skeletal muscles
Smooth muscle in the walls of lymph-collecting vessels

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14
Q

What are the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Where lymphatic vessels begin

Surround blood capillary beds

Blind-ended, one way system

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15
Q

Are the cells of lymphatic capillaries tightly joined? Why?

A

No, they are able to flap open and closed allowing large volumes of fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries

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16
Q

What happens when the pressure in the IF decreases?

A

Endothelial cells flap shut

Lymphatic system precisely controls the amount of fluid between our cells

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17
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Cluster of lymphoid organs along lymphatic vessels.

Limit the spread of pathogens throughout the body by acting as filters

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18
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A

Predominant type of tissue of lymphatic system.

Loose connective tissue contains specialized cells and reticular fibers that form nets to trap pathogens

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19
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? (MALT)

A

Loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects mucous membranes.

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20
Q

Where is specialized MALT found?

A

Tonsils
Prayers Patches
appendix

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21
Q

Where are specific clusters of lymph nodes located?

A

Under the arms- axillary
In the neck- cervical
In the groin- inguinal
In the abdominal cavity- me sent Eric

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22
Q

What are the small lymphatic vesselsncalled that lymph flows through before moving through the reticular network?

A

Afterward lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

Which vessels does lymph flow through after is has been filtered of pathogens?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

To trap 90% of pathogens in lymph and prevent them from being delivered to the blood where they could spread to other tissues

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25
What is the largest lymphoid organ that protects the body from pathogens that have entered the blood?
The spleen
26
Two-lobed organ that secretes hormones to generate T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens
Thymus
27
What is the body’s first line of defense?
Surface barriers | Cutaneous and mucous membranes
28
What is the body’s second line of defense?
Innate immunity Responds to all pathogens the same way using antimicrobial proteins Exist in the blood even in the absence of a stimulus
29
What is the body’s third line of defense?
Adaptive immunity Respond to specific antigens and form memory of them for the future 3-5 days to mount a response but then will be the dominant response
30
Why is adaptive immunity slower that innate immunity?
One must be exposed to an antigen before the body can develop an immune response
31
What are the two arms of adaptive immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity- Two types of T cells Antibody-mediated immunity- B cells and antibodies
32
Surface barriers in the first line of defense
Cutaneous (skin) membrane Mucous membranes Products they secrete
33
What are Phagocytes
Cells that can eat foreign or damaged cells Many cells of the immune system can function as them
34
What are Natural Killer cells and where are they located?
Located in the blood and spleen Function in innate immunity Main role is to activate the T cells of adaptive immunity Can identify cancer cells but not specific antigens Secrete antimicrobial cytokines to activate macrophages
35
What are cytokines?
Molecules used for signaling cell to cell communication Communication about initiating an immune response or triggering cell movement to specific areas of the body Tumor necrosis factor Interferons Interleukins
36
What is opsonization?
Foreign particles are marked for phagocytosis Tags infected cells and identifies pathogens with the same antigens
37
What is chemotaxis?
Attraction and movement of macrophages to a chemical signal | Think of a taxi, transporting macrophages
38
What is agglutination?
Uses antibodies to bind pathogens together so that immune cells can attack and weaken them as a group
39
Protein components of the immune system
Antibodies Complement system Cytokines
40
Lymphoid organs where B cells, T cells and macrophages reside
Lymph nodes MALT Spleen
41
How do lymphoid organs and tissues trap pathogens?
Reticular fibers in lymphoid tissues form nets that trap pathogens so that leukocytes can access them easier
42
What are Dendritic cells and what do they do?
Most important antigen presenting cells Can identify threats and act as messengers for the rest of the immune system by antigen presentation Act as a bridge btw the adaptive and innate immune systems Activate B and T cells
43
Two main components of innate immunity involved in rapid response?
Complement proteins and a variety of cytokines and several types of cells including neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells
44
What are complement proteins?
Plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or by pathogen bound antibodies leading to the complement cascade of reactions on the surface of pathogens Main effects include: cell lysis, formation of membrane attack complex, enhanced inflammation, neutralization if viruses, enhancing phagocytosis, opsonization and clearance of immune complexes
45
What are the two types of cells of innate immunity?
Phagocytes and non-phagocytic cells
46
What are the different types of phagocytes involved in innate immunity?
Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils Dendritic cells
47
Process by which cells ingest particles and other cells
Phagocytosis
48
Types of non-phagocytic cells of innate immunity
NK cells | Basophils
49
What are two basic stages of the inflammatory response?
1) release of inflammatory mediator and the cardinal signs of inflammation 2) the phagocytosis response
50
Basic process of the inflammatory response
Tissue damage initiates response Activated complement proteins trigger the release of inflammatory mediators such as basophils and mast cells— act as mediators themselves Injured area becomes red and swollen, feels warm and hurts
51
What are some inflammatory mediators?
``` Histamine Serotonin Cytokines Bradykinin Prostaglandins Leukotrienes ```
52
4 cardinal signs of inflammation What are they caused by?
Redness Heat Swelling Pain Caused by: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, occurrence of pain, recruitment of other cells (chemotaxis)
53
What is margination?
When inflammatory mediators make the capillary endothelium in the damaged area sticky so neutrophils adhere to the capillary wall
54
What is diapedesis?
When inflammatory mediators increase capillary permeability so neutrophils can squeeze between endothelial cells into the damaged tissue
55
What are the steps of the phagocyte response?
1) local macrophages activated. Neutrophils migrate to damaged tissue and phagocytize bacteria 2) margination occurs and neutrophils enter damaged tissue by diapedesis and begin to destroy bacteria and other cellular debris 3) monocytes migrate to the area and become macrophages which phagocytize pathogens 4) bone marrow increases production of leukocytes leading to leukocytosis
56
What is fever? How does it occur?
Body temperature above the normal range A person with fever is referred to as febrile An innate response to cellular injury that is initiated when pyrogens are released from damaged cells or certain bacteria
57
Classes of T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity. What do they respond to?
Helper T cells (Th) Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) Respond to cells infected with intracellular pathogens (viruses and bacteria)
58
Where are T cells formed and matured?
Formed in the bone marrow but migrate to and mature in the thymus
59
What is a clone?
Antigen that each population of T cells can respond to
60
What does it mean to be immunocompetent?
Able to mount a normal response to foreign antigens
61
What is self-tolerance?
When self-reactive T cells are destroyed, it ensures that T cells will be prevented from attacking self cells
62
What are major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCs)?
Pieces of antigen bound to glycoproteins Major determinants of compatibility among tissue and organ donors/recipients
63
Two types of MHC molecules
Class I MHC molecules Class II MHC molecules
64
Class I MHC molecules
Found in surface of plasma membrane. Present endogenous antigens (those synthesized in the cell). Cytotoxic T cells generally only interact with class I MHCs
65
Class II MHC molecules
Found only on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Present exogenous antigens (those the cell takes in by phagocytosis). Helper T cells generally interact with class II MHCs
66
Role of helper T cells
Secrete cytokines that activate and enhance versions components of the immune response
67
Role of cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic effects Kill cells with foreign antigens bound to class I MHC molecules critical for detection of cancer cells
68
What is perforin?
Released by Tc cells Forms pores in the target cells plasma membrane
69
Three phases of antibody-mediated immunity?
1) B cell clone recognizes its specific antigen which triggers it to secrete antibodies 2) antibody levels rise dramatically 3) persistence of B cells that react more rapidly and efficiently if the antigen is encountered again
70
What are antibodies
Action component of antibody-mediated immunity Responsible for its actions or effects on mediating the destruction of antigens to which they bind
71
What two populations do B cells differentiate into?
Plasma cells- secrete antibodies Memory B cells- respond to antigens upon a second exposure
72
what is Precipitation?
Similar to agglutination but involves soluble antigens instead of whole cells
73
What is neutralization?
Antibodies bind to things like viruses and bacteria and prevent them from interacting with our cells, rendering them inactive
74
What is complement activation?
Several antibodies (IgM and IgG) bind and activate the complement proteins of innate immunity. When antibodies bind a cell, their complement binding site is exposed. Allows complement to activate and lose the foreign cell with its membrane attack complex
75
What are the two types of antibody-mediated immunity?
Active and passive
76
What is active immunity?
The body’s cells actively respond to an antigen. Results in the production of memory cells and a large number of antibodies which makes it long lasting
77
What is passive immunity?
When preformed antibodies are passed from one organism to another Short lived
78
Three types of immune system disorders
Hypersensitivity disorder Immunodeficiency disorder Autoimmune disorder
79
What is hypersensitivity?
Immune system may overreact and damage tissues Type 1: Allergies Type 2: Reactions to antibiotics
80
What are the five classes of antibodies?
``` IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD ```
81
What is IgG?
Monomer Makes up majority of antibodies Only antibody that can cross the placenta Functions in opsonization, neutralization and complement fixation Greatly enhances phagocytosis
82
What is IgA?
Dimer Found in secretions like saliva and breastmilk Functions in agglutination and neutralization
83
What is IgM?
Pentamer First antibody secreted on exposure to an antigen Most potent agglutination and precipitating agent Functions in complement fixation
84
What is IgE?
Monomer Binds mast cells and basophils and triggers their degranulation, facilitating inflammation, particularly in the allergic response
85
What is IgD?
Monomer Antibody found exclusively on the surface of B cells Has a role in B cell sensitization and activation
86
What is stimulation of inflammation?
IgE directly triggers inflammation by initiating the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils
87
What is the primary immune response?
4-5 day lag phase as B cells reproduce and split into plasma cells and memory cells and secrete antibodies. Antibody levels peak 7-14 days after exposure Future exposure to the same antigen results in the activation of memory B cells formed during primary immune response Primary antibody involved is IgM
88
What is the secondary immune response?
When memory B cells encounter the antigen for which they are specific Primary antibody involved is IgG Antibodies are more effective in secondary response
89
What are immunodeficiency disorders?
Decrease in function of one or more components of the immune system. Primary: genetic Secondary:through infection, trauma, cancer and some meds
90
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Impair either innate or adaptive immunity. Most common dysfunctions involve deficient complement proteins or abnormalities in phagocytes
91
Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Many are induced artificially to combat cancers Most common is virally induced AIDS
92
Three phases of HIV
Acute Chronic Final

A & P II (15 decks)

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