exam 2: cardiorespiratory 1 Flashcards
Thoracic cavity boundaries (5)
Thoracic cavity Dorsal (ceiling)
What are 1 and 2
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Longus colli m.
Thoracic cavity:
what is being pointed to by the red arrow
Transverse thoracis m.
Thoracic cavity- ventral (floor)
what is the unlabeled red arrow pointing to
Internal thoracic vessels
what is the term for?
Serous membrane that produce a serous fluid that protect, prevent friction and adherences among organs (viscera) or organs with cavity walls
serosa
is this external or internal intercostal muscle
does it aid more in expiration or inspiration?
external; inspiration
is this external or internal intercostal muscle
does it aid more in expiration or inspiration?
internal; expiration
what forms the caudal boundary of the thorax
diaphragm
Term for apature (opening) between muscles
hiatus
what is the most important muscle for inspiration
diaphragm
T/F inspiration is an active process
true
T/F expiration is an active process
false; normally passive because no muscle contraction is needed
T/F expiration can be an active process
true; when needed like exercise/cough/sneeze
Abdominal muscles can pull the ribs in what direction to help with expiration
caudal; compressing the thorax helping with force expiration
Serratus dorsalis cranialis m.
Scalenus m.
External intercostal m.
Rectus thoracis m.
can be classified as what kind of muscles to the diaphragm?
synergic (helper muscles)
Parietal means related to a ______
wall
Serosa: Serous membrane that produce a serous fluid that ________, prevent ________ and adherences among organs (viscera) or organs with cavity walls
protect
friction
what kind of section is this of the thoracic cavity
horizontal/dorsal section
All serosas have what 2 tunic/ layers
- Parietal serous tunic/layer
- Visceral serous tunic/layer
center area of the thorax; filled with synovial
mediastinum
Connective tissue that glue the parietal pleura with the ribs and intercostal muscles
Endothoracic fascia
Pleural cavity space that is not occupied by the caudal lobe of the lung, even in a maximal inspiration
Costodiaphragmatic resess
why is the Costodiaphragmatic resess important
If we have a collapsed lung, this is where we can put a tube
Pleural cavity has (positive or negative) pressure
negative
average pleural pressure in dogs is around ________________
−5 cm H2O at rest
why is pressure negative in the Pleural cavity
Is the result of the opposing elastic recoil of the chest wall and lung, as well as the forces generated by the respiratory muscles
what is happening in Pneumothorax with regards to pressure
positive pressure inside the pleural cavity so the lungs can NOT stay insufflated by itself
collapsing and preventing the ventilation of the organ
A rupture of the thoracic wall
that communicate the exterior with the pleural cavity may create suction of air toward the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
T/F Pneumothorax also can happen by a rupture of the lung
true
visceral serous or pleura covers what
organs
Visceral pericardium or Epicardium is a serous membrane adhering to the ________
heart
Pericardial cavity is the space in between ___________ and ____________
parietal and visceral pericardium
T/F Clinical pericardium or Pericardial sac layers are fused together
true
what makes up the Clinical pericardium or Pericardial sac (3)
Parietal serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Pericardial mediastinal pleura
what ligament connects fibrous pericardium to sternal part of the diaphragm (in carnivores)
Phrenicopericardial lig.
what system is responsible for the immunological defense of the body and drain the extracellular fluids
Lymphatic system (open system)
main actions of the heart (2)
pump blood
recieve (suck) blood
what is the name of the system the heart uses to transport blood
open or closed system?
Blood vascular system; closed
what filters the lymphatic fluid and produce immune cells (lymphocytes)
Lymph node
what kind of lymphatic vessels are blue, going towards the lymphnode?
orange, exit lymph node?
blue: afferent lymphatic vessels
orange: efferent lymphatic vessles
what occurs if we have too much fluid in lymphatic system
edema
Layers of the heart (3)
Epicardium (superficial)
Myocardium (middle)
Endocardium (most inner layer; inside)
a group of lymph nodes can be called
lymph center
why do we need Endocardium on the inside of the heart
**to prevent clots **
Label parts 1 and 2 of the heart
- Base
- Apex
what are the chambers of the heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
(right and left auricle= expansions of atrium)
what is being indicated by the orange line
Coronary groove
Between the atria and ventricles
Contains coronary vessels
what is the teal line indicating
Subsinuosal interventricular groove
what is the teal line indicating
Paraconal interventricular groove
Interventricular grooves are located between the __________________
right and left ventricles at the
location of the interventricular septum
Diastole
Period during which the ventricles are filling and relaxing
Label 1-5
1.R-atrium
2. cranial V cava
3. R auricle
4.coronary sinus
5. caudal v cava
Label 1
Diastole or systole?
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
Diastole=Period during which the ventricles are filling and relaxing
what is being pointed to
Pulmonary valve
Diastole or systole?
systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
Label #1 and #2
- Aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus (esophagus goes through this)
what is being pointed to
Cava foramen
List the parts of the Diaphragm
1.Lumbar part
2.Costal part
3.Sternal part
Label parts 1-3
- Aortic hiatus
- Cava foramen
- Esophageal hiatus
what are the black arrows pointing to
Tendinous center
Label 1-3
- Pleura
- pericardium
- peritoneum
all serosas have ___________ layer
parietal serous tunic/layer
closed sac that envelops most of the heart
Anatomical (serous)
pericardium
what is being pointed to
pericardium
what is being pointed to
Clinical pericardium
(pericardial sac)
label 1,2,3
- Visceral serous pericardium
or epicardium - Parietal serous pericardium
- Clinical pericardium opened and reflected (pericardial sac)
what layer of the heart is this?
Serous membrane – mesothelium and thin layer of loose CT
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
what layer of the heart is this?
– Comparable to tunica media of vessels
– Cardiac muscle, CT, nerves, blood vessels
Myocardium
what layer of the heart is this?
– Cardiac counterpart of tunica intima of vessels
– Endothelium and CT
Endocardium
what is outlined in RED
Visceral or pulmonary pleura
Label 1 and 2
- Costal pleura
- Diaphragmatic pleura
The mediastinal pleura cover 3 parts
- cranial mediastinum
- middle mediastinum/pericardiac pleura
- caudal mediastinum
is atmospheric pressure + or -
positive
Label parts 1-3
fist represents heart
- Parietal Serous pericardium
- Visceral serous pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium
Atrial face
Surface of the heart facing the right
side of the thorax
Aricular face
Surface of the heart facing the
left side of the thorax
Label 1-4 on the heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
what angle is the heart oriented in the dog
what angle is the heart oriented in the cat
dog: 40
cat: 25-30
