Exam 1: General concepts of Bones & Joints Flashcards
what does osteology mean
study of bones
what does osteomyelitis mean
bone infection
what does osteotomy mean
cut bone
store minerals and fat, blood cell formation. Is an actively metabolizing tissue that change in in shape, size, and position by
mechanical or biochemical demands
Bone
Group of bones that serves for support, protection, providing levers for
muscular action and movement
Skeleton
Composition of Bone:
Organic matter (mostly collagen) makes up what %
33%
Composition of Bone:
What inorganic compound has the highest percentage in bone
calcium 39%
Composition of Bone:
Inorganic components make up what %
67%
Bone contains _______% of the body’s calcium and phosphate
99%
Why are greenstick fractures common in younger animals
Younger animals have more flexible bones because they have more collagen
What happens to bone if you only keep mineral (inorganic compounds)
How do you do this?
burn the bones
What are the topographic classifications of bones
Axial skeleton (axis; main line of body)
Appendicular skeleton( limbs)
Heterotropic skeleton (mineralized structures)
total number of bones in a dog
321
Classification of bones by shape: Long bone
typical of the limbs
three centers of ossification: one for the shaft (diaphysis), and one for each
extremity (epiphysis)
Have a medullary cavity
Classification of bones by shape: Short bone
have no dimension that
greatly exceeds the others
No medullary cavity
Classification of bones by shape: Flat bone
expanded in two directions
No medullary cavity
Not a shape classification, but a characteristic of some flat bones of the skull in domestic mammals
Pneumatic bones
example: frontal bone
In mammals, pneumatic bones are confined to the _________ and contain the paranasal sinuses
(which communicate with the nasal cavity)
Excavated to contain ____________ spaces
skull
air-filled
What does this picture show
Pneumatic bones:
Elephant skull
sinuses
In what animal do some of the long bones have air pockets that communicate extensively with the respiratory system
BIRDS
What animal would have long bones that have air pockets like this
BIRDS
What is blue box referring to
Proximal epiphysis
what are the red boxes referring to
Physis (growth plate)
what is the green box referring to
Diaphysis (body shaft)
what is the yellow box referring to
Distal epiphysis
what is the pink referring to
articular surfaces covered by articular cartilage in epiphysis
what are the grey areas referring to
Metaphysis
What is the green referring to
Spongey bone (Epiphysis/metaphysis)
what is the red referring to
Compact bone (cortex)
very strong
what is the pink referring to
Nutrient foramen
what is the blue referring
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
What do pockets of spongey bone get filled with
bone marrow
What kind of bone is the blue arrow point to
Spongey bone
what kind of bone is the red arrow pointing
Compact bone (cortex)
What kind of bone is referred to as “irregular”
vertebra
what kind of bones are ribs/bones of the skull
Flat bone
There is no medullary cavity
What classification of bone is a femur
Long bone
what is the red arrow pointing to on the bone
Compact bone (cortex)
what is the pink arrow pointing to on the bone
Compact bone (cortex)
what is the blue arrow pointing to on the bone
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
long bone
What is the blue arrow pointing to
Hyalin articular cartilage
(helps with friction with other bone)
What is the red arrow pointing to
Periosteum
(contains lots of sensory nerves; external membrane of bone)
what is the green arrow pointing to
Joint capsule
Is red bone marrow or yellow marrow richly vascularized, gelatinous tissue with hemopoietic properties
red bone marrow
Is red bone marrow or yellow marrow hemopoietic potential is “inactive”
yellow marrow
Initial formation of a cartilage model that is subsequently resorbed while serving as matrix bone development
Endochondral ossification
What are primary centers of ossification
Before birth, located in the
diaphysis
What are secondary centers of ossification
After birth, located in epiphysis and large eminences
Cartilaginous plate (physis) remains between and separates adjacent centers until bone is _______________
mature
Continuous cartilage production, with subsequent resorption and ossification, at these plates is what allows a developing bone to _____________
elongate
Bones form directly within a sheet of connective tissues
no cartilage model is involved
characteristic of many flat bone
Intramembranous ossification
T/F most bones actually develop from a mixture of endochondral and intramembranous ossification
TRUE
Significance of Nutrient foramina
Where blood supply enters bone
may resemble a fracture on radiographs
often where sings of panosteitis are first detectable
The blue arrow is pointing to a structure labeled #3
what is this
Nutrient artery
The blue arrow is pointing to a structure labeled #1
Epiphysial arteries
The blue arrow is pointing to a structure labeled #2
metaphysial arteries
Bones have a generous blood supply, near to
_________% of the cardiac output
5-10%
Sesamoid bones:
Sesamo means
Seed
What are the categories of “centers of ossification”
Primary and secondary
What is the yellow line representing
Endosteum (inner membrane of bone before bone marrow)
What is the yellow arrow pointing to in the bone
Spongey bone
What happens to bone when you only keep organic material
How do you do this
It becomes flexible; only collagen is leftover
soak it in nitric acid
T/F Bone is an organ
TRUE
