Exam 1: General concepts of muscles, synovial joints and connective tissue associated & muscle actions Flashcards
A fluid-filled cavity intervenes between the bones
Synovial joints
Every synovial joint
MUST have at least
1- Articular cartilage
2- Synovial membrane
3- Fibrous layer of joint
capsule
4- Synovial cavity filled with
synovial fluid
2- Synovial membrane +
3- Fibrous layer of joint
capsule forms a what
joint capsule
What is #4
Synovial cavity filled with
synovial fluid
what is #3
Fibrous layer of joint
capsule
what is #2
Synovial membrane
what is #1
Articular cartilage
What is the red arrow pointing to
periosteum
what kind of pressure is in the joint capsule?
Positive or negative?
NEGATIVE
What part of the synovial joint has articular villi that cover more surface and allows for more blood flow
synovial membrane
What is the function of synovial fluid in synovial joints
Avoid the friction
Nutrients for the articular cartilage
(oil for the system, like a car)
What is the normal color and consistency of synovial fluid
caramel color
sticky, egg white consistency
dense fibrous
connective tissue that attaches bone-bone, bone-cartilage or cartilage-cartilage and serves
to hold structures together and keep them stable
Ligament
In a luxation (Medical term for dislocation) ___________are injured.
ligaments
What are the classification of ligaments
◼ Capsular
◼ Intracapsular
◼ Extracapsular
◼ Yellow/flavum (elastic)
thickenings of the fibrous capsule itself that take the form of either bands or triangles
Capsular ligament
What is the blue shaded area representing
Capsular ligament (type of ligament of a synovial joint)
What are the 2 blue arrows pointing to
Capsular ligament
ligaments located inside
the articular capsule
(not within the articular cavity)
Intra capsular ligaments
What is the red dotted line pointing to
Synovial cavity (intraarticular cavity) filled with synovial fluid
What are the green arrows pointing to
Intra capsular ligaments
(e.g. Cranial cruciate ligg.
Inside the stifle joint)
what is the blue arrow pointing to
Intra capsular ligaments
(e.g.Intercarpal Interosseous lig.)
Ligaments located outside
the articular capsule
Extra-capsular ligaments
(demonstrated in red)
what is the yellow arrow pointing to
Extra capsular ligaments
(e.g.Lateral collateral lig. of genual joint)
Ligaments that contain elastic fibers that
gives a yellowish color
Yellow (elastic) ligaments
What is the purple arrow pointing to
Yellow (elastic) ligaments
(e.g. Nuchal lig. in the neck)
What is the red arrow pointing to
Extra capsular ligaments (collateral lig.)
What is the blue arrow pointing to
Fibrous capsule
What is the green arrow pointing to
synovial membrane
what is this structure
periosteum
What do the two black lines point to
top: Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
bottom: articular (hyaline) cartilage
In SOME joints there are fibrous cartilage. What are the 3 types
Labrum
Meniscus
Discos
What is #1 referring to
Labrum
what is an example of a joint with a labrum
Humeral joint (shoulder) &
coxal joint (hip)
Fibrocartilage that help in the adaptation of articular surfaces
allows tibia and femur to interact better
Meniscus (plura=menisci)
what are the yellow arrows pointing to
Meniscus (plura=menisci)
In what joint does each meniscus have crescent moon shape where the
peripheral border is attached to the articular capsule
Genual joint (stifle)
Fibrocartilage that totally separate a joint cavity in two compartments.
Help in the adaptation and movement of the surfaces
Disc (discus)
what is an example of a disc (discus)
Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ)
What is #3 pointing to
Disc (discus)
The study of the structure,
arrangement, and action of
muscles
myology
The study of the structure, arrangement, and action of
muscles
Myology
What are the 3 kinds of muscle
- Skeletal (Striated,somatic, or voluntary)
- Cardiac (striated, involuntary)
- Smooth (visceral or involuntary)
What is Fi referring to
Muscular Cell = muscular fiber
What is Fa referring to
Muscle fascicle = group of fibers
Movement of a joint causing an increase in
the joint angle
Extension
Movement of a joint causing reduction in the joint angle
Flexion
Movement of a part in the
motion of a circle
Circumduction
The movement of a part on its long axis
Rotation
Medial rotation of the
limb causing the
palmar surface to face
“caudally”
Pronation
normal anatomy of animal
Movement away from
the median plane
ABduction
Movement toward
the median plane
ADDuction
Helper muscle(s) of the agonist muscles
Synergist
What are 2 examples of connective tissue that prevent friction between tendons and hard surfaces
A) Synovial bursa
B) Tendon sheath
Muscle(s) that “fix” a joint preventing the movement
Fixator
Associated structures-
Regional thickenings of deep fascia that
bind tendons in place at certain joints:
List the 2 from the powerpoint
Retinaculum
Annular ligaments
What are the blue arrows pointing to
Retinaculum
plural = retinacula
(bracelet of connective tissues, keeps tendons set)
What are the blue arrows pointing to
Annular ligaments
(ring shape of connective tissue that keeps tendons set)
Specific angle formed by two or more articular levers / bones
Articular angles
Not all motor units within a given muscle are
active simultaneously, unless maximal contraction is required.
Order of activation/recruitment of motor units is from small to large
Muscle contraction
Not all motor units within a given muscle are relaxed simultaneously.
Even in a relaxed muscle, there are groups of
muscles contracted.
Muscle tone
A given motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers(muscle cells) it controls
Motor Unit
In some muscles requiring very fine control, a motor unit may consist
of _____ neuron and only _______ muscle fiber
one, few
(example: extrinsic muscles of the eye)
Motor Unit:
In other muscles a motor unit may consist of one neuron and several
hundred muscles fibers.
what is a good example of this that was mentioned in class
quadriceps femoris m.
when would muscles be 100% relaxed
death
paralysis
nerve block
What to know about skeletal muscle-Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT):
The red, fleshy part that is contractile
muscle can have 1 or many
Belly
What to know about skeletal muscle-Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT):
CT proper that joins the muscle to bone, cartilage, other muscles, etc.
Attachments
What to know about skeletal muscle-Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT):
the less mobile attachment
each head of a muscle has a unique ______
Origin
What to know about skeletal muscle-Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT):
The more mobile attachment
Insertion/termination
More mobile attachment of skeletal muscle
origin or insertion
insertion
Less mobile attachment of skeletal muscle
origin or insertion
Origin
Attaches bone-bone, bone-cartilage or cartilage-cartilage and serves to hold structures together and keep them stable
Ligament
Project the traction of a muscle to a bone, cartilage, fascia or other muscle to produce a movement
Tendon
T/F Ligament = Tendon
FALSE!!!!
What is pink referring ot
Te: Tendon: attach the muscle to a bone, cartilage, fascia or other, muscle
what is the blue referring to
Ep: Epimysium: around a muscle
what is the black referring to
Pe: Perimysium: around a fascicle of fibers
what is the green referring to
En: Endomysium: around fibers
Muscle(s) that produces an action.
In this group the main muscle can be named as primer mover
Agonist
Muscle(s) that oppose the agonist muscles action.
Antagonist
Lateral rotation of the
limbs causing the palmar surface to face medially (carnivores) Anterior primates
Supination
(supla = to beg)
What are some geometrical categories of synovial joints
Plane joint
The ball-and-socket or
spheroidal joint
Fibrocartilage that extend the articular surface of an articular cavity, by adding a marginal ring or lip
Labrum
What does the blue and green arrows make up
articular capsule
