Exam 2 Flashcards
culture
an established coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people
power
the ability to influence or control people and events
co-cultural communication theory
the people who have more dominant power within a society determine the dominant culture because they get to decide the prevailing views, values, and traditions of the society
co-cultures
they have their won cultures that co-exist within a dominant culture
prejudice
stereotypes that reflect rigid attitudes toward groups and their members
stereotype content model
prejudice centers on two judgements made about others: how warm and friendly they are, and how competent they are
benevolent prejudice
occurs when people think of a particular group as inferior but also friendly and competent
Hostile prejudice
happens when people have negative attitudes toward a group of individuals that they see as unfriendly and incompetent
individualistic cultures
people tend to value independence and personal achievement
collectivistic cultures
people emphasize group identity, interpersonal harmony and well-being of ingroups
high-context cultures
such as in China, Korea, and Japan, people use relatively vague and ambiguous language and even silence to convey important meaning
low-context cultures
people tend not to presume that others share their beliefs, attitudes, and values
uncertainty avoidance
cultures vary in how much they tolerate and accept unpredictability
display rules
guidelines for when, where, and how to appropriately express emotions
power distance
the degree to which people in a particular culture view the unequal distribution of power as acceptable
Masculine cultures
place importance upon personal ambition, competition, assertiveness, and material gain as core values
monochromatic time orientation
people who view time as a precious resource. You may view time as a gift you give others to show your affection, or as a tool for punishing someone
feminine culture
emphasize personal connections to other, relationship health, quality of life, and concern for the poor and the elderly
polychronic time orientation
don’t view time as a resource to be spent, saved, or guarded. They don’t consider the time of day
intercultural communication competence
the ability to interpersonally communicate in an appropriate, effective, and ethical fashion with people from diverse backgrounds
world-mindedness
you demonstrate acceptance and respect toward other cultures, beliefs, values, and customs
ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own cultural beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices are superior to others
Communication Accommodation Theory
people are especially motivated to adapt their communication when they seek social approval, when they wish to establish relationships with others, and when they view others’ language usage as appropriate
listening
involves receiving attending to understanding responding to and recalling sounds and visual images
hearing
vibrations travel along acoustic nerves to your brain, which interprets them as your friend’s words and voice tone
receiving
seeing+hearing
first step in the listening process
attending
the second step in the listening process
involves devoting attention to the info you’ve received
mental bracketing
systematically putting aside thoughts that aren’t relevant to the interaction at hand
understanding
interpreting the meaning of another person’s communication by comparing newly received info against our past knowledge
short-term memory
the part of your mind that temporarily houses the info while you seek to understand its meaning
long-term memory
the part of your mind devoted to permanent info storage
responding
communicating their attention and understanding to you
feedback
to communicate attention while others are talking
back-channel cues
verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as nodding and making comments
paraphrasing
summarizing others comments once they have finished
recalling
remembering information after you’ve received attended to understood and responded to it
mnemonics
devices that aid memory
listening functions
purposes for listening
listening style
your habitual pattern of listening behaviors which reflect your attitudes, beliefs and predispositions regarding the listening process
action-oriented listeners
want brief, to-the-point, and accurate messages from others– information they can then use to make decisions or initiate courses of action
time-oriented listeners
prefer brief and concise encounters. tend to let others know in advance exactly how much time they have available for each conversation
people-oriented listeners
view listening as an opportunity to establish commonalities between themselves and others
content-oriented listeners
prefer to be intellectually challenged by the messages they receive during interpersonal encounters
selective listening
taking only those bits and pieces of information that are immediately salient during an interpersonal encounter and dismissing the rest
eavesdropping
when people intentionally and systematically set up situations so they can listen to private conversations
pseudo-listening
behaving as if you’re paying attention though you’re really not
aggressive listening (ambushing)
attend to what others say solely to find an opportunity to attack their conversational partners
provocateurs
post messages designed solely as “trolls” to annoy others
narcissistic listening
self-absorbed listening: the perpetrator ignores what others have to say and redirects the conversation to him- or herself and his or her own interests.
verbal communication
the exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions
symbols
items we use to represent things
constitutive rules
define word meaning: they tell us which words represent which objects
regulative rules
govern how we use language when we verbally communicate
personal idioms
words and phrases that have unique meanings to them
dialects
when large groups of people share creative variations on language rules
denotive meaning
the literal meaning of your word, as agreed upon by members of your culture
connotive meaning
additional understanding of a word’s meaning based on the situation and the knowledge we and our communication partners share
linguistic determinism
we lack a vocabulary– that language quite literally defines the boundaries of our thinking
linguistic relativity
agreed that people from different cultures would perceive and think about the world in very different ways
naming
creating linguistic symbols for objects
speech acts
actions we perform with language
cooperative verbal communication
when you produce messages that have three characteristics
1) you speak in ways that others can easily understand that is honest, informative, relevant, and clear
2) you take action for using “I” language
3) you make others feel included by using “we”
“you” language
phrases that place the focus of attention and blame on other poeple
“I” language
phrases that emphasize ownership of your feelings
“we” language
wordings that emphasize inclusion– tend to be more satisfied with their relationships that those who routinely rely on “I” and “you” messages
communication apprehension
fear or anxiety associated with interaction that keeps them from being able to communicate cooperatively
communication plans
mental maps that describe exactly how communication encounters will unfold
defensive communication
impolite messages delivered in response to suggestions, criticism, or perceived slights
verbal aggression
the tendency to attach other’s self-concepts rather than their positions on topics of conversation
deception
occurs when people deliberately use uninformative, untruthful, irrelevant, or vague language for the purpose of misleading others
nonverbal communication
the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through the individual’s nonspoken physical and behavioral cues
mixed messages
verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey contradictory meanings
nonverbal communication
the different means used for transmitting information nonverbally
kinesics
visible body movements
richest nonverbal code in terms of its power to communicate meaning, and it includes most of the behaviors we associate with nonverbal communication: facial expression, eye contact, gestures, and body posture
emblems
things that represent specific verbal meaning such as flipping someone off
illustrators
accent or illustrate verbal messages using gestures
regulators
control the exchange of conversational turns during interpersonal encounters
Listeners use regulators to tell speakers to keep talking, repeat something, hurry up, or let another person talk
adapters
touching gestures that serve as a psychological or physical purpose
immediacy
the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive (lean forward, keep your back straight, hold head up and face forward with arms open while talking if you like them)
power
the ability to influence or control other people or events
vocalics
vocal characteristics we use to communicate nonverbal messages
haptics
using touch to communicate nonverbally
functional-professional touch
used to accomplish some type of task (handshake)
social-polite touch
derives from social norms and expectations
friendship-warmth touch
express liking another person (squeezing friends arm)
love-intimacy touch
lets you convey deep emotional feelings
aggressive hostile touch
involves forms of physical violence like grabbing, slapping, and hitting, behaviors designed to hurt and humiliate others
proxemics
communication through the use of physical distance
intimate space
ranges from 0-18 inches
personal space
ranges between 18 inches - 4 feet; the distance we occupy in encounters with friends
social space
ranges from 4-12 feet
many people use it when communicating in the workplace or with acquaintances and strangers.
public space
the distance between persons ranges upward from 12 feet
including great distances; this span occurs most often during formal occasions such as public speeches or college lectures
territoriality
the tendency to claim physical spaces as our own and to define certain locations as areas we don’t want others to invade without permission
chronemics
the way you use time to communicate during interpersonal encounters
physical appearance
visible attributes such as hair, clothing, body type, and other physical features
artifacts
the things we possess that influence how we see ourselves and that we use to express our identity to others
environment
the physical features of our surroundings
affect displays
intentional or unintentional nonverbal behaviors that display actual or feigned emotions
intimacy
the feeling of closeness and “union” that exists between us and our partners
dominance
refers to the interpersonal behaviors we use to exert power and influence on others
submissiveness
the willingness to allow others to exert power over us
