Exam 1 Flashcards
Communication
the process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media
Message
the “package” of information that is transported during communication
Interaction
When people exchange a series of messages, whether face-to-face or online
Context
Situations
Channel
The sensory dimension along which communicators transmit information. Can be auditory (sound), visual (sight), tactile (touch), olfactory (scent), or oral (taste)
media
tools for exchanging messages
Linear Communication model
communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction, from a starting point to an end point
Sender
The individual who generates the information to be communicated, packages it into a message, and chooses the channels for sending it
Noise
factors in the environment that impede messages from reaching their destination
Receiver
the person for whom the message is intended and whom the message is delivered
Interactive communication model
Also a process of senders and receivers, but transmission is influenced by two factors: feedback and field experience
Feedback
comprised of the verbal and nonverbal messages that recipients convey to indicate their reaction to communication
Fields of experience
consist of the beliefs attitudes values and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event
Transactional communication model
suggests that is fundamentally multidirectional
Collaborative
The maxims of Ptah Hotep (2200 BC)
The guidebook for enhancing interpersonal communication skills
Interpersonal Communication
a dynamic form of communication between two or more people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships. Four important implications: dynamic, transactional, dyadic, impact
Dyadic
involves pairs of people, or dyads
I-Thou
Martin Buber
when you don’t agree with everything a person says
I-It
Martin Buber
we regard other people as objects which we observe that are there for our use and exploitation
Impersonal communication
exchanges that have a negligible perceived impact on our thoughts emotions behaviors and relationships
Content information
the actual meaning of your words
Relationship information
consists of signals indicating how each of you views your relationship
Self-presentation goals
desires you have to present yourself in certain ways so that others perceive you as being a particular type of person
instrumental goals
practical aims you want to achieve or tasks you want to accomplish through a particular interpersonal encounter
Relationship goals
building, maintaining, or terminating bonds with others
Interpersonal communication competence
means consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical
Communication skills
repeatable, goal directed behaviors and behavioral patterns that you routinely practice in your interpersonal encounters and relationships
Appropriateness
the degree to which your communication matches situational, relational, and cultural expectations regarding how people should communicate
Self-monitoring
the process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communication choices
Effectiveness
the ability to use communication to accomplish the three types of interpersonal communication goals
Ethics
the set of moral principles that guide our behavior toward others
Online communication
any interaction by means of social networking sites, email, text, instant messaging, skype, chatrooms, and massively multiplayer online video games
Gender
consists of social, psychological, and cultural traits generally associated with one sex or the other
Sexual orientation
an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others that exists along a continuum from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality that includes various forms of bisexuality
Communication is
- an ongoing process
- uses messages to convey meaning
- occurs in contexts: face-to-face, verbal/ nonverbal, (where/ with whom)
- happens via channels
- requires a medium
Five most common forms of communication media used by college students
Text, face-to-face, social networking, email talking on the phone
Linear communication model
messages communicated through a channel
*missing receiver might not understand it in the way the sender intended, not a two way arrow
Interactive communication model
(picture in book)
between people who have their own field of experience
multidirectional, equally influence interaction
important for interpersonal comm
What is interpersonal comm?
Dynamic- constantly changing
typically transactional
primarily dyadic
impactful
Principles
- Conveys context and relationship information (content, relationship)
- Can be intentional, unintentional
- Irreversible
- Dynamic, always changing
Motives for IPC
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- self-actualization (top)
- self-esteem
- social
- safety
- physical
Content
factual stuff, meaning of words you can exchange, usually verbal
Relationship
signals that indicate how we convey it. Conveys levels of intimacy/ status. Influence how we interpret signals, usually nonverbal
3 types of goals
Self presentation, instrumental, relationship goals
Self presentation goals
The way we dress, how you hold yourself, how you present yourself in person/ online, how you avoid different people
Instrumental goals
practical goals we want to achieve
Relationship goals
building or ending a relationship
IPC competence
communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical
Appropriateness
judged through self monitoring
high self monitoring
follow expectations, observing relation to make norm
low self monitors
“act like themselves”
effectiveness
the ability to use our communication to accomplish self presentation self-presentation, instrumental, or presentational goals
Ethics
set of moral principles that guide behavior toward others, obligated to avoid intentionally hurting others
IPC competence online
Choose the appropriate medium Don't assume online comm is more efficient Presume posts are public Remember posts are permanent Practice creating drafts
Self
an evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem
Self-awareness
the ability to view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment and to reflect on your thoughts feelings and behaviors
involves social comparison and critical self-reflection
Social comparison
observing and assigning meaning to others behavior and comparing it against ours
Critical self-reflection
practicing a targeted kind of self-awareness
Self-concept
your overall perception of who you are
influenced by your beliefs, attitudes, and values about yourself
Looking glass self
the idea of defining our self-concepts through thinking about how others see us
Self-fulfilling prophecies
predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted
self-esteem
the overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves
We show our self esteem through communication
self-discrepancy theory
Suggests that your self-esteem is determined by how you compare your ideal self vs. ought-to self
Ideal self
the characteristics (mental, physical, emotional, material, and even spiritual) that you want to possess based on your desired perfect you
Attachment anxiety
the degree to which a person fears rejection by relationship parters
Attachment avoidance
the degree to which someone desires close interpersonal ties
Secure attachment
low in both anxiety and avoidance, comfortable with intimacy and seek close ties with others
Preoccupied attachment
high in anxiety and low in avoidance. desire closeness but are plagued with the fear of rejection. They may use sexual contact to satisfy their compulsive need to be loved
Dismissive attachment
people with low anxiety but high avoidance, view relationships as important but prioritize self-reliance
Fearful attachment
high in both anxiety and avoidance, fear rejection and shun relationships
Culture
an established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people (religion, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, age, ability levels)
Face
whenever you communicate with others, you present a public self that you want others to see and know.
Mask
a public self designed to strategically veil your private self
Embarrassment
Feelings of shame, humiliation, and sadness
Warranting value
the degree to which the information is supported by other people
Social penetration theory
“onion skin structure, consisting of sets of layers”
Outermost, peripheral layers (Social penetration theory)
demographic characteristics such as birthplace, age, gender and ethnicity.
Intermediate layers (Social penetration theory)
your attitudes and opinions about music, politics, food, entertainment, and other such matters
Central layers (Social penetration theory)
self-core characteristics such as self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem, personal values, fears, and distinctive personality traits
Intimacy
the feeling of closeness and “union” that exists between is and our partners
self-disclosure
revealing private info to others
Interpersonal process model of intimacy
the closeness we feel toward others in our relationships is created through two things: self disclosure and responsiveness of listeners to disclosure
Best type of interpersonal communication?
Face to face
Self
evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem that develops over time based on life experience
Self-fulfilling prophecies
believe something to be true very often we behave accordingly, behave in ways so it comes true
Self-esteem
overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves
ought-to self
what others believe you should be
perception
the process of selecting organizing and interpreting information from our senses
selection
involves focusing attention on certain sights, sounds, tastes, touches, or smells in our environment
salience
the degree to which particular people or aspects of their communication attract our attention
organization
once you’ve selected something as focus of your attention, you take that information and structure it into a coherent pattern inside your mind
punctuation
structuring the information you’ve selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you’ve experienced the order of events
interpretation
assigning meaning to information
schemata
mental structures that contain information defining the characteristics of various concepts as well as how those characteristics are related to each other
attributions
explanations for others’ comments or behaviors
internal attributions
presume that a person’s communication or behavior stems from from internal causes, such as character or personality
external attributions
hold that a person’s communication is caused by factors unrelated to personal qualities
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute others’ behaviors solely to internal causes
actor-observer effect
the tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors
self-serving bias
in cases where our actions result in noteworthy success, we typically credit by making an internal attribution
ego protection
by crediting ourselves for our life successes, we can feel happier about who we are
uncertainty reduction theory
our primary compulsion during initial interactions is to reduce uncertainty about our communication partners by gathering enough information about them so their communication becomes predictable
passive strategies
these approaches can help you predict how he or she may behave when interacting with you
active strategies
asking other people questions about the person you’re interested in
interactive strategies
starting a direct interaction with the person you’re interested in
ingroupers
you naturally perceive those who share these values with you as fundamentally similar to yourself
outgroupers
how you may perceive people who aren’t similar to you
personality
individuals characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on traits
implicit personality theories
personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together
interpersonal impressions
mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them
Gestalt
a general sense of a person thats either positive or negative
positivity bias
when gestalts are formed, they are more likely to be positive than negative, an effect known
negativity effect
we don’t treat all information that we learn about people as equally important. Instead, we place emphasis on the negative information we learn about others
halo effect
the tendency to positively interpret what someone says or does because we have a positive Gestalt of them
horn effect
the tendency to negatively interpret the communication and behavior of people for whom we have negative Gestalts
algebraic impressions
by carefully evaluating each new thing we learn about a person
stereotyping
a term first coined by journalist Walter Lippmann, to describe overly simplistic interpersonal impressions
empathy
we “feel into” others thoughts and emotions making an attempt to understand perspectives and be aware of their feelings in order to identify with them
the ability to feel into other people’s thoughts/ emotions
perception checking
5 step process in which you apply everything to the perception of others (check punctuation, check knowledge, check perceptual influences, check your impressions)
Perception
the process of selecting organizing and interpreting info from our senses
salience
the degree to which something is noticeable and significant to us
punctuation
structuring the info you’ve selected into a sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events
schemata
mental structures containing familiar info that defines concepts’ characteristics and interrelationships to enable interpretation
attributions
explanations for others comments or behaviors
internal attribution
presume a persons behavior comes from internal causes (personality)
external attribution
hold that persons behavior is caused by situational
attribution errors
mistake internal/ external
fundamental attribution error
assume other errors are own
actor- observer effect
attribute external factors to explain
self serving bias
?
culture
affects how you perceive others as similar to different groups from yourself. changes schemata
personality
characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on traits
Big five personality traits
openness conscientiousness extroversion agreeable neuroticism
gestalts
general impressions of people that make. positive or negative
more likely to be positive than negative
positivity effect
?
negativity effect
when we learn something negative about someone we emphasize it. deviation from the norm because it becomes more salient
halo effect
tendency to positively interpret what people do (NE says tom brady is innocent)
horn effect
tendency to negatively interpret what someone does if we have a negative gestalt (can’t see through horns)
algebraic impressions
weighing some info more heavily than other info depending on its importance and positivity/ negativity
emotion
intense reaction to an event that involves interpreting event meaning, becoming physiologically aroused
emotion sharing
disclosing emotions, talking about them, pondering
emotional contagion
when the experience of the same emotion rapidly spreads from one person to another
occurs when the emotion experience of the same emotion spreads
feelings
the short term emotional reactions to events that generate only limited arousal; they typically do not trigger attempts to manage their experience or expression
“small emotions” that generate only limited emotions
moods
low-intensity states such as boredom contentment grouchiness or serenity that are not caused by particular events and typically last longer than feelings or emotions
low intensity states that typically last longer than feelings or emotions
primary emotions
emotions that involve unique and consistent behavioral displays across cultures
surprise, joy, disgust, anger, fear, sadness
blended emotions
when you trigger two or more primary emotions simultaneously
emotional intelligence
the ability to interpret emotions accurately and to use this information to manage emotions, communicate them competently and solve relational problems
ability to interpret your own and others emotions accurately
emotion management
involves attempts to influence which emotions you have, when you have them and how you experience and express them
suppression
involves inhibiting thoughts, arousal and outward behavioral displays of emotion
venting
allows emotion to dominate our thoughts and explosively expressing them
encounter avoidance
staying away from people, places, or activities that you know will provoke emotions you don’t want to experience
encounter structuring
intentionally avoiding specific topics that you encounter with others
attention focus
intentionally devoting your attention only to aspects of an event or encounter that you know will not provoke an undesired emotion
deactivation
systematically desensitizing yourself to emotional experience
reappraisal
actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotion-eliciting situations so that their emotional impact is changed
anger
negative primary emotion that occurs when you are blocked or interrupted from attaining an important goal by what you see as the improper action of an external agent
chronic hostility
always suppressing anger
causes physical and mental problems. you put yourself in a near constant state of arousal and negative thinking
catharsis
holds that openly expressing your emotions enables you to purge them
jefferson strategy
count slowly to 10 before you speak or act
passion
blended emotion, a combination of surprise and joy coupled with a number of positive feelings such as excitement, amazement and sexual attraction
grief
the intense sadness that follows a substantial loss
supportive communication
sharing messages that express emotional support and offer personal assistance
