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Interpersonal Communication > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

the process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media

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2
Q

Message

A

the “package” of information that is transported during communication

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3
Q

Interaction

A

When people exchange a series of messages, whether face-to-face or online

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4
Q

Context

A

Situations

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5
Q

Channel

A

The sensory dimension along which communicators transmit information. Can be auditory (sound), visual (sight), tactile (touch), olfactory (scent), or oral (taste)

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6
Q

media

A

tools for exchanging messages

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7
Q

Linear Communication model

A

communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction, from a starting point to an end point

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8
Q

Sender

A

The individual who generates the information to be communicated, packages it into a message, and chooses the channels for sending it

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9
Q

Noise

A

factors in the environment that impede messages from reaching their destination

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10
Q

Receiver

A

the person for whom the message is intended and whom the message is delivered

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11
Q

Interactive communication model

A

Also a process of senders and receivers, but transmission is influenced by two factors: feedback and field experience

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12
Q

Feedback

A

comprised of the verbal and nonverbal messages that recipients convey to indicate their reaction to communication

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13
Q

Fields of experience

A

consist of the beliefs attitudes values and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event

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14
Q

Transactional communication model

A

suggests that is fundamentally multidirectional

Collaborative

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15
Q

The maxims of Ptah Hotep (2200 BC)

A

The guidebook for enhancing interpersonal communication skills

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16
Q

Interpersonal Communication

A

a dynamic form of communication between two or more people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships. Four important implications: dynamic, transactional, dyadic, impact

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17
Q

Dyadic

A

involves pairs of people, or dyads

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18
Q

I-Thou

A

Martin Buber

when you don’t agree with everything a person says

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19
Q

I-It

A

Martin Buber

we regard other people as objects which we observe that are there for our use and exploitation

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20
Q

Impersonal communication

A

exchanges that have a negligible perceived impact on our thoughts emotions behaviors and relationships

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21
Q

Content information

A

the actual meaning of your words

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22
Q

Relationship information

A

consists of signals indicating how each of you views your relationship

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23
Q

Self-presentation goals

A

desires you have to present yourself in certain ways so that others perceive you as being a particular type of person

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24
Q

instrumental goals

A

practical aims you want to achieve or tasks you want to accomplish through a particular interpersonal encounter

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25
Q

Relationship goals

A

building, maintaining, or terminating bonds with others

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26
Q

Interpersonal communication competence

A

means consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical

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27
Q

Communication skills

A

repeatable, goal directed behaviors and behavioral patterns that you routinely practice in your interpersonal encounters and relationships

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28
Q

Appropriateness

A

the degree to which your communication matches situational, relational, and cultural expectations regarding how people should communicate

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29
Q

Self-monitoring

A

the process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communication choices

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30
Q

Effectiveness

A

the ability to use communication to accomplish the three types of interpersonal communication goals

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31
Q

Ethics

A

the set of moral principles that guide our behavior toward others

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32
Q

Online communication

A

any interaction by means of social networking sites, email, text, instant messaging, skype, chatrooms, and massively multiplayer online video games

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33
Q

Gender

A

consists of social, psychological, and cultural traits generally associated with one sex or the other

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34
Q

Sexual orientation

A

an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others that exists along a continuum from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality that includes various forms of bisexuality

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35
Q

Communication is

A
  1. an ongoing process
  2. uses messages to convey meaning
  3. occurs in contexts: face-to-face, verbal/ nonverbal, (where/ with whom)
  4. happens via channels
  5. requires a medium
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36
Q

Five most common forms of communication media used by college students

A

Text, face-to-face, social networking, email talking on the phone

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37
Q

Linear communication model

A

messages communicated through a channel

*missing receiver might not understand it in the way the sender intended, not a two way arrow

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38
Q

Interactive communication model

A

(picture in book)
between people who have their own field of experience
multidirectional, equally influence interaction
important for interpersonal comm

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39
Q

What is interpersonal comm?

A

Dynamic- constantly changing
typically transactional
primarily dyadic
impactful

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40
Q

Principles

A
  1. Conveys context and relationship information (content, relationship)
  2. Can be intentional, unintentional
  3. Irreversible
  4. Dynamic, always changing
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41
Q

Motives for IPC

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  1. self-actualization (top)
  2. self-esteem
  3. social
  4. safety
  5. physical
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42
Q

Content

A

factual stuff, meaning of words you can exchange, usually verbal

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43
Q

Relationship

A

signals that indicate how we convey it. Conveys levels of intimacy/ status. Influence how we interpret signals, usually nonverbal

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44
Q

3 types of goals

A

Self presentation, instrumental, relationship goals

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45
Q

Self presentation goals

A

The way we dress, how you hold yourself, how you present yourself in person/ online, how you avoid different people

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46
Q

Instrumental goals

A

practical goals we want to achieve

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47
Q

Relationship goals

A

building or ending a relationship

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48
Q

IPC competence

A

communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical

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49
Q

Appropriateness

A

judged through self monitoring

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50
Q

high self monitoring

A

follow expectations, observing relation to make norm

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51
Q

low self monitors

A

“act like themselves”

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52
Q

effectiveness

A

the ability to use our communication to accomplish self presentation self-presentation, instrumental, or presentational goals

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53
Q

Ethics

A

set of moral principles that guide behavior toward others, obligated to avoid intentionally hurting others

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54
Q

IPC competence online

A 
Choose the appropriate medium
Don't assume online comm is more efficient 
Presume posts are public 
Remember posts are permanent 
Practice creating drafts
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55
Q

Self

A

an evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem

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56
Q

Self-awareness

A

the ability to view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment and to reflect on your thoughts feelings and behaviors
involves social comparison and critical self-reflection

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57
Q

Social comparison

A

observing and assigning meaning to others behavior and comparing it against ours

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58
Q

Critical self-reflection

A

practicing a targeted kind of self-awareness

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59
Q

Self-concept

A

your overall perception of who you are

influenced by your beliefs, attitudes, and values about yourself

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60
Q

Looking glass self

A

the idea of defining our self-concepts through thinking about how others see us

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61
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted

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62
Q

self-esteem

A

the overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves
We show our self esteem through communication

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63
Q

self-discrepancy theory

A

Suggests that your self-esteem is determined by how you compare your ideal self vs. ought-to self

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64
Q

Ideal self

A

the characteristics (mental, physical, emotional, material, and even spiritual) that you want to possess based on your desired perfect you

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65
Q

Attachment anxiety

A

the degree to which a person fears rejection by relationship parters

66
Q

Attachment avoidance

A

the degree to which someone desires close interpersonal ties

67
Q

Secure attachment

A

low in both anxiety and avoidance, comfortable with intimacy and seek close ties with others

68
Q

Preoccupied attachment

A

high in anxiety and low in avoidance. desire closeness but are plagued with the fear of rejection. They may use sexual contact to satisfy their compulsive need to be loved

69
Q

Dismissive attachment

A

people with low anxiety but high avoidance, view relationships as important but prioritize self-reliance

70
Q

Fearful attachment

A

high in both anxiety and avoidance, fear rejection and shun relationships

71
Q

Culture

A

an established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people (religion, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, age, ability levels)

72
Q

Face

A

whenever you communicate with others, you present a public self that you want others to see and know.

73
Q

Mask

A

a public self designed to strategically veil your private self

74
Q

Embarrassment

A

Feelings of shame, humiliation, and sadness

75
Q

Warranting value

A

the degree to which the information is supported by other people

76
Q

Social penetration theory

A

“onion skin structure, consisting of sets of layers”

77
Q

Outermost, peripheral layers (Social penetration theory)

A

demographic characteristics such as birthplace, age, gender and ethnicity.

78
Q

Intermediate layers (Social penetration theory)

A

your attitudes and opinions about music, politics, food, entertainment, and other such matters

79
Q

Central layers (Social penetration theory)

A

self-core characteristics such as self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem, personal values, fears, and distinctive personality traits

80
Q

Intimacy

A

the feeling of closeness and “union” that exists between is and our partners

81
Q

self-disclosure

A

revealing private info to others

82
Q

Interpersonal process model of intimacy

A

the closeness we feel toward others in our relationships is created through two things: self disclosure and responsiveness of listeners to disclosure

83
Q

Best type of interpersonal communication?

A

Face to face

84
Q

Self

A

evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem that develops over time based on life experience

85
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

believe something to be true very often we behave accordingly, behave in ways so it comes true

86
Q

Self-esteem

A

overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves

87
Q

ought-to self

A

what others believe you should be

88
Q

perception

A

the process of selecting organizing and interpreting information from our senses

89
Q

selection

A

involves focusing attention on certain sights, sounds, tastes, touches, or smells in our environment

90
Q

salience

A

the degree to which particular people or aspects of their communication attract our attention

91
Q

organization

A

once you’ve selected something as focus of your attention, you take that information and structure it into a coherent pattern inside your mind

92
Q

punctuation

A

structuring the information you’ve selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you’ve experienced the order of events

93
Q

interpretation

A

assigning meaning to information

94
Q

schemata

A

mental structures that contain information defining the characteristics of various concepts as well as how those characteristics are related to each other

95
Q

attributions

A

explanations for others’ comments or behaviors

96
Q

internal attributions

A

presume that a person’s communication or behavior stems from from internal causes, such as character or personality

97
Q

external attributions

A

hold that a person’s communication is caused by factors unrelated to personal qualities

98
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to attribute others’ behaviors solely to internal causes

99
Q

actor-observer effect

A

the tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors

100
Q

self-serving bias

A

in cases where our actions result in noteworthy success, we typically credit by making an internal attribution

101
Q

ego protection

A

by crediting ourselves for our life successes, we can feel happier about who we are

102
Q

uncertainty reduction theory

A

our primary compulsion during initial interactions is to reduce uncertainty about our communication partners by gathering enough information about them so their communication becomes predictable

103
Q

passive strategies

A

these approaches can help you predict how he or she may behave when interacting with you

104
Q

active strategies

A

asking other people questions about the person you’re interested in

105
Q

interactive strategies

A

starting a direct interaction with the person you’re interested in

106
Q

ingroupers

A

you naturally perceive those who share these values with you as fundamentally similar to yourself

107
Q

outgroupers

A

how you may perceive people who aren’t similar to you

108
Q

personality

A

individuals characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on traits

109
Q

implicit personality theories

A

personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together

110
Q

interpersonal impressions

A

mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them

111
Q

Gestalt

A

a general sense of a person thats either positive or negative

112
Q

positivity bias

A

when gestalts are formed, they are more likely to be positive than negative, an effect known

113
Q

negativity effect

A

we don’t treat all information that we learn about people as equally important. Instead, we place emphasis on the negative information we learn about others

114
Q

halo effect

A

the tendency to positively interpret what someone says or does because we have a positive Gestalt of them

115
Q

horn effect

A

the tendency to negatively interpret the communication and behavior of people for whom we have negative Gestalts

116
Q

algebraic impressions

A

by carefully evaluating each new thing we learn about a person

117
Q

stereotyping

A

a term first coined by journalist Walter Lippmann, to describe overly simplistic interpersonal impressions

118
Q

empathy

A

we “feel into” others thoughts and emotions making an attempt to understand perspectives and be aware of their feelings in order to identify with them
the ability to feel into other people’s thoughts/ emotions

119
Q

perception checking

A

5 step process in which you apply everything to the perception of others (check punctuation, check knowledge, check perceptual influences, check your impressions)

120
Q

Perception

A

the process of selecting organizing and interpreting info from our senses

121
Q

salience

A

the degree to which something is noticeable and significant to us

122
Q

punctuation

A

structuring the info you’ve selected into a sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events

123
Q

schemata

A

mental structures containing familiar info that defines concepts’ characteristics and interrelationships to enable interpretation

124
Q

attributions

A

explanations for others comments or behaviors

125
Q

internal attribution

A

presume a persons behavior comes from internal causes (personality)

126
Q

external attribution

A

hold that persons behavior is caused by situational

127
Q

attribution errors

A

mistake internal/ external

128
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

assume other errors are own

129
Q

actor- observer effect

A

attribute external factors to explain

130
Q

self serving bias

A

?

131
Q

culture

A

affects how you perceive others as similar to different groups from yourself. changes schemata

132
Q

personality

A

characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on traits

133
Q

Big five personality traits

A

openness conscientiousness extroversion agreeable neuroticism

134
Q

gestalts

A

general impressions of people that make. positive or negative
more likely to be positive than negative

135
Q

positivity effect

A

?

136
Q

negativity effect

A

when we learn something negative about someone we emphasize it. deviation from the norm because it becomes more salient

137
Q

halo effect

A

tendency to positively interpret what people do (NE says tom brady is innocent)

138
Q

horn effect

A

tendency to negatively interpret what someone does if we have a negative gestalt (can’t see through horns)

139
Q

algebraic impressions

A

weighing some info more heavily than other info depending on its importance and positivity/ negativity

140
Q

emotion

A

intense reaction to an event that involves interpreting event meaning, becoming physiologically aroused

141
Q

emotion sharing

A

disclosing emotions, talking about them, pondering

142
Q

emotional contagion

A

when the experience of the same emotion rapidly spreads from one person to another
occurs when the emotion experience of the same emotion spreads

143
Q

feelings

A

the short term emotional reactions to events that generate only limited arousal; they typically do not trigger attempts to manage their experience or expression
“small emotions” that generate only limited emotions

144
Q

moods

A

low-intensity states such as boredom contentment grouchiness or serenity that are not caused by particular events and typically last longer than feelings or emotions
low intensity states that typically last longer than feelings or emotions

145
Q

primary emotions

A

emotions that involve unique and consistent behavioral displays across cultures
surprise, joy, disgust, anger, fear, sadness

146
Q

blended emotions

A

when you trigger two or more primary emotions simultaneously

147
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to interpret emotions accurately and to use this information to manage emotions, communicate them competently and solve relational problems
ability to interpret your own and others emotions accurately

148
Q

emotion management

A

involves attempts to influence which emotions you have, when you have them and how you experience and express them

149
Q

suppression

A

involves inhibiting thoughts, arousal and outward behavioral displays of emotion

150
Q

venting

A

allows emotion to dominate our thoughts and explosively expressing them

151
Q

encounter avoidance

A

staying away from people, places, or activities that you know will provoke emotions you don’t want to experience

152
Q

encounter structuring

A

intentionally avoiding specific topics that you encounter with others

153
Q

attention focus

A

intentionally devoting your attention only to aspects of an event or encounter that you know will not provoke an undesired emotion

154
Q

deactivation

A

systematically desensitizing yourself to emotional experience

155
Q

reappraisal

A

actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotion-eliciting situations so that their emotional impact is changed

156
Q

anger

A

negative primary emotion that occurs when you are blocked or interrupted from attaining an important goal by what you see as the improper action of an external agent

157
Q

chronic hostility

A

always suppressing anger

causes physical and mental problems. you put yourself in a near constant state of arousal and negative thinking

158
Q

catharsis

A

holds that openly expressing your emotions enables you to purge them

159
Q

jefferson strategy

A

count slowly to 10 before you speak or act

160
Q

passion

A

blended emotion, a combination of surprise and joy coupled with a number of positive feelings such as excitement, amazement and sexual attraction

161
Q

grief

A

the intense sadness that follows a substantial loss

162
Q

supportive communication

A

sharing messages that express emotional support and offer personal assistance

Interpersonal Communication (11 decks)

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