EXAM 2: 2.8 Motor Control Flashcards
What is motor control?
the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms that control movement
How is motor control regulated?
by the CNS through the PNS
What does the body take into account with motor control?
- individual
- task
- environment
motor control (individual) and action
the individual usually has the activity within them to do it
motor control (individual) and perception
sensory info while we’re doing the task (i.e. proprioception) allows us to perceive what’s happening
motor control (individual) and cognition
must have cognitive ability and an intent to do the motion
What is taken into account with motor control and the task at hand?
- mobility
- stability
- manipulation
motor control (task): mobility
- ability to move
- ROM
- strength to make things move
motor control (task): stability
most tasks require some base of support
motor control (task): manipulation
can manipulate ourselves (mobility/stability) to make quick changes
motor control and environment
- regulatory
- nonregulatory
motor control (environment): regulatory
- task must conform to features of the environment
- think styrofoam death gripping
motor control (environment): nonregulatory
- movement does not have to conform to the environment
- think fans, free throws, etc.
motor learning: time frame
- hours, days, weeks
- depends on what you’re learning
- motor control is constantly happening here
motor development: time frame
- months, years
- motor control also constantly happening here
What are the theories on motor control?
- hierarchical
- reflex
- systems
motor control theory: hierarchical
- ranked from top down
- most important is the brain
- making a movement comes from the brain
What is the limitation to the hierarchical motor control theory?
reflex arcs:
- goes to spinal cord and right back out
- doesn’t prove everything
motor control theory: reflex
- complex movements can be explained by a series of reflexes that come together to make a movement
- reflexes must have some sort of external stimuli
- theory doesn’t hold up
motor control theory: systems
- based on:
feedback loops
types of feedback loops
- closed loop
- open loop
motor control theory: systems
closed loop
continuous feedback to allow movement to continue in a controlled manner
- detect and correct errors in movement
- task completed and repeated
- activity occurring at a slow enough rate to be able to change
motor control theory: systems
open loop
- quick movements that are too fast to allow the CNS to interpret feedback
- only get feedback after the movement is completed
**the next time you do the task, you make the adjustment
What is motor learning?
- process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
- results from experience and/or practice
How do we measure learning?
- can’t measure directly
- inferred based on behavior
learning and behavior changes
learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
learning: short or long term
Learning is a long term change. Short term alterations are not thought of as learning
short term changes seen in a practice session
performance
phases of learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
phases of learning: cognitive
- task is new, and the learner must think about it in great detail
- trying to learn what to do
- visual aids are helpful here
cognitive phase: what type of loop?
- typically closed loop
- while you’re doing it, you’re still trying to change things
phases of learning: associative
- learning HOW to do the task
- error detection in each trial allows for fine tuning in the task
phases of learning: autonomous
- can carry out a task without much attention easily
- once in this phase, change comes very slowly
Which phase of learning is the most difficult for people with learning disabilities?
cognitive
Which phase of learning might you encounter a stumbling block with frustration over failure? What may happen?
- associative phase
- once frustration hits, the learning stops happening
Why is it so important to learn a task correctly from the beginning?
- difficult to change bad habits once they’re in the autonomous phase
- can’t let our patients get here
