Exam #1: Proteins and Malnutrition Flashcards
What is the difference between an essential and non-essential amino acid? Conditionally essential?
Essential= need to get from diet
**Conditional= need more of in certain disease states
What is the mnemonic for the essential amino acids?
PVT TIM HLL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
What are the five stages of protein synthesis?
1) Amino acid activation
2) Initiation of polypeptide chain
3) Elongation
4) Termination and release
5) Folding and processing
What is cystinuria?
See picmonic.
What is hartnup disease?
See picmonic.
What is the free amino acid pool?
Amino acids that are available for oxidation
What is nitrogen balance in normal conditions?
Protein in= protein out i.e. nitrogen in = nitrogen out
What is unique about the metabolism of protein compared to fat and carbohydrates?
Minimal breakdown in the mouth
Where does the majority of digestion and absorption of protein occur?
Small intestine
What enzyme do infants possess that beings protein breakdown in the mouth?
Rennin
What is the role of protein in the eight common food allergies?
Intact proteins absorbed through leaks in cell junctions–>allergy development
What organ regulates the flow of amino acids?
Liver
What amino acids help to remove nitrogenous waste from skeletal muscle following exercise?
Alanine & glutamine
What amino acid is completely oxidized for energy in skeletal muscle?
Leucine
What two organs can participate in gluconeogenesis?
Liver & kidney
What is the major function of the kidney in relation to proteins?
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
How do essential amino acids get into neurons for neurotransmitter and neuropeptide production?
Active transport
What is the PDCAA?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
***** Evaluating the protein quality based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it.
What vitamin is ONLY found in animal products and must be supplemented by vegans?
B12
What do vegetarian athletes need to remember in regards to protein intake?
- Plant protein is less digestible
- Need more protein than non-veg athlete
How does the protein requirement change for the critically ill and major trauma victims?
Hypermetabolic state=
- Increased for critically ill
- Further increased for burns/ multiple trauma
**Healthy =0.8 g/Kg, Critically Ill= 1.5 g/Kg, & Burn= 2.0 g/Kg
What are the risks of overshooting protein intake?
- Pre-renal azotemia (nitrogen/ urea in blood)
- Increased kidney burden
- Kidney stones
- Osteoporosis
- Gout
*****Ca++ used to buffer pH changes with increased N in blood–>Osteoporosis
How does the net acid change in a high protein diet?
Acidic state
What is the primary substrate for gluconeogenesis?
Protein
How many days of starvation does it take for the body to switch from glucose to ketones as an energy source?
~2 days
What amino acid is vital for rapidly dividing cells?
Glutamine
*****E.g. trauma
What amino acid is vital for immunomodulation?
Arginine
What amino acid may have anti-inflammatory properties?
Cysteine
What percentage of inpatients are malnourished upon arrival?
30-50%
What are six indications of malnutrition?
1) Decreased energy intake
2) Weight loss
3) Decreased body fat
4) Decreased muscle mass
5) Fluid accumulation
6) Decreased grip strength
What is a nutrition focused physical assessment?
Examination of the body to determine clinical criteria for malnutrition
