Exam #1: Carbohydrates Flashcards
What proportion of US adults are overweight and/or obese?
- Greater than 1/3 (35%) are obese
- Another 1/3 are overweight
How much do behavioral factors contribute to overall health?
40%
What epidemiological transition state are we currently in?
Delayed degenerative
What is the proposed epidemiological transition state are we currently entering?
Inactivity/ Obesity/ Diabetes
What is a cohort study?
Compares a group with a given risk factor to a group without such a risk factor to measure relative risk
*Risk of developing disease in exposed group/ risk in unexposed group
What is a case-control study?
Compares two groups, disease vs. non-disease, measuring odds ratio
*Odds group with disease was exposed to a risk factor/ odds control was exposed to risk factor
What is an interventional study?
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
*Gold-standard
List the four levels of prevention.
1) Primordial
2) Primary
3) Secondary
4) Tertiary
Remember the mnemonic PPST
What is the primordial level of prevention?
Prevent risk factors in the population as a whole
E.g. ban smoking
What is the primary level of prevention?
Prevent risk factors in individuals
What is the secondary level of prevention?
Screen early for disease and intervene in asymptomatic individuals
What is the tertiary level of prevention?
Treat to reduce disability from disease and limit the consequences of symptoms
What is the current USDA food guide?
“My Plate”
What does the term nutrient density mean?
Nutrients/Calories
*Proportion of nutrients per calories
What foods have the highest nutrient density?
Berries
Leafy vegetables
What is a simple carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
What is a complex carbohydrate?
Polysaccharides (10+)
What are the monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the disaccharides?
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
What enzymes are necessary for the digestion of carbohydrates?
Salivary alpha-amylase
Pancreatic alpha-amylase
- Maltase
- Sucrase
- Lactase*
What electrolyte increases carbohydrate absorption? Why?
Na+ b/c of cotransport
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscle
What is glycolysis? What is this dependent on?
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
*Requires oxygen
What is the estimated amount of carbohydrates needed per day?
200g
What is the glycemic index?
Measure of how quickly a food causes a spike in blood sugar
*Compared to pure glucose or white bread
What is glycemic load?
Glycemic index x Carbohydrate content
What is the general effect of food processing on glycemic index & insulin spikes?
Increased glycemic index & increased insulin spike
What are the behavioral effects of high glycemic index foods?
- Triggers reward center & increases propensity to seek again
- Reduced satiety/ rapid return of hunger
What are the negative physiologic consequences of consuming high glycemic index foods?
DM-II
CAD
What is stress hyperglycemia?
Elevated blood glucose in response to stress or illness
What are the five characteristics of metabolic syndrome? How many are necessary for the diagnosis?
- Increased intra-abdominal fat
- Elevated blood sugar
- HTN
- Low HDL
- Elevated triglycerides
*Need 3 for diagnosis
What carbohydrate is HFCS structurally similar to?
Sucrose, NOT fructose
Why is the bad rap for HFCS misleading?
Studies have been done on FRUCTOSE not SUCROSE
What is the general correlation between added dietary sugar and HDL?
Increased sugar= decreased HDL (good cholesterol)
Describe the composition of a whole grain.
1) Bran= fiber-rich, B vitamins
2) Endosperm= carbohydrate & protein
3) Germ= vitamin E, B & healthy fats
What does refinement of grains do?
Leaves endosperm and removes the layers that contain most nutrients i.e. bran and germ
What are the “actual” causes of death in the US?
1) Tobacco
2) Poor diet/ physical inactivity
3) Alcohol consumption
