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Preventative Med. & Nutrition > Exam #1: Obesity I > Flashcards

Exam #1: Obesity I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of obesity in adults? Children?

A 
Adults= >30
Children= >95th percentile on growth chart

*Morbid= >40

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2
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

weight/height

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3
Q

What are the limitations of the BMI?

A
  • Measure of excess body weight, not necessarily fat
  • Does not take lean mass into account
  • Does not distinguish distribution of fat
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4
Q

What are the waist circumferences that place one in a high risk category?

A 
Male= >40 inches 
Female= > 32 inches
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5
Q

What are the definitions of obesity I, II, and III?

A 
I= 30-34.9
II= 35- 39.9 
III= >40
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6
Q

List diseases that obesity is a risk factor for.

A 
CVD 
DM 
CVA 
HTN 
DM 
Cancer 
Gyn abnormalities 
OA 
Gallstones
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7
Q

What is the definition of Metabolic Syndrome?

A

3/5 of the following:

  • Elevated waist circumference
  • Elevated TG
  • Reduced HDL
  • HTN
  • Elevated fasting glucose
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8
Q

What are some of the major factors affecting obesity?

A
  • Decreased physical activity
  • Bigger portions
  • Refined carbohydrate consumption
  • Media/ marketing
  • Fast food consumption
  • Packaged food consumption
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9
Q

What are the organic diseases that can lead to obesity?

A
  • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
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10
Q

What types of medications can induce weight gain?

A
  • Glucocorticoids/ steroids
  • Antypsychotics/ mood stabilizers
  • Antidepressants
  • DM
  • Antiepileptic
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11
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, what are the three major arguments for the obesity epidemic we have today?

A

1) Adaptive
2) Maladaptive
3) Neutral

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12
Q

What is the adaptive evolutionary argument for obesity?

A
  • Fat accumulation advantageous
  • Famine selected for genes (thrifty genes) that favored deposition

*****This has become disadvantageous in modern society

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13
Q

What is the maladaptive evolutionary argument for obesity?

A
  • Obesity has never been advantageous

- Obesity coupled with advantageous factor– Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

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14
Q

What is the neutral evolutionary argument for obesity?

A

Set Point

  • Lower intervention limit set by starvation
  • Upper set by risk of predation

*****The development of social behavior, weapons, and fire has diminished pressure on upper limit

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15
Q

What regulates energy homeostasis?

A
  • Brain
  • GI Tract
  • Adipose tissue
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16
Q

What hormones/ messengers are involved in appetite?

A
  • Leptin
  • Ghrelin
  • GLP-1
  • Adiponectin
17
Q

What is the prandial state?

A
  • Eaten and newly ingested/ absorbed nutrients are available
  • Generate “satiety” signals and inhibit “hunger” signals
  • Nutrients are rapidly used or stored
18
Q

What is the post-absoprtive state?

A
  • No calories entering circulation from GI tract
  • No satiety signals
  • Hunger signals generated
  • Stored energy released into blood
19
Q

What are the satiety hormones?

A

CCK
PYY
GLP-1
Leptin

20
Q

What is the hunger hormone?

A

Ghrelin

21
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A
  • Small intestine releases in response to feeding

- Causes release of digestive enzymes from pancreas & bile from gallbladder

22
Q

What is the function of PYY?

A

Insulin peptide hormone released by pancreas in response to high blood sugar

23
Q

What are the function of GLP-1?

A
  • Increased insulin secretion and sensitivity
  • Decreased glucagon secretion
  • Inhibition of acid secretion
  • Inhibits gastric emptying
24
Q

What is the function of Leptin?

A
  • Released by adipose tissue
  • Binds leptin receptors in hypothalamus to signal satiety

*****Note that mice knockouts are obese; humans can get “leptin resistance” from chronic overeating

25
Q

What is the function of ghrelin?

A
  • Produced by stomach and pancreas
  • Secreted when stomach is empty
  • Increases gastric acid secretion & GI mobility
26
Q

What is the difference between physical and emotional hunger?

A

See ppt.

Preventative Med. & Nutrition (30 decks)

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