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Preventative Med. & Nutrition > Exam #1: Lipids > Flashcards

Exam #1: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of fatty acids?

A
  • Texture, aroma, and flavor for food
  • Structural building blocks (molecules) of cellular membranes and are the starting materials for other molecules
  • Fat-soluble vitamin absorption
  • Insulation, cushioning, and lubrication
  • Provide energy

*Note that fat is also essential for development

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2
Q

How much energy comes from fat vs. carbohydrates?

A 
Fat= 9 Cal 
Carb= 4 Cal
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3
Q

What type of fat in the body is used for energy?

A

Triglycerides

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride.

A

Glycerol backbone + 3x fatty acids

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

A

Glycerol backbone + 2x fatty acids + 1x phosphate group

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6
Q

What is a sterol?

A

Cholesterol/ ring structure based fat

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7
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated= no double bonds, all hydrogen

Unsaturated= some double bonding

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8
Q

What are the major dietary sources of saturated fat? What are the health consequences of consuming this kind of fat?

A

Meat, dairy, coconut palm, cocoa butter

  • Increased risk of:
  • CVD
  • Hyperlipidemia
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9
Q

What are the major dietary sources of monounsaturated fat? What are the health consequences of consuming this kind of fat?

A

Olive oil, avocado, canola oil

  • May:
  • Decrease LDL
  • Cardioprotective
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10
Q

What are the major dietary sources of polyunsaturated fat (omega-6)? What are the health consequences of consuming this kind of fat?

A

Corn, soy, sunflower, safflower

  • Essential fatty acid
  • Increases some inflammatory cytokines
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11
Q

What are the major dietary sources of polyunsaturated fat (omega-3)? What are the health consequences of consuming this kind of fat?

A

Oily ocean fish, flax seed oil, canola & soy oils

  • **Essential
  • Decreased TGs
  • Cardioprotective
  • Brain health
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12
Q

What are the major dietary sources of trans fat? What are the health consequences of consuming this kind of fat?

A

Frying and baking oils, margarine

  • *****Worst for health:
  • Increased LDL
  • Decreased HDL
  • Increased inflammatory cytokines
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13
Q

What enzyme is essential for the digestion of fat?

A

Lipase (lingual, gastric, & pancreatic)

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14
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Pancreatic lipase rxn is highly reversible- bile keeps fat broken down

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15
Q

Review the process of fat absorption.

A

N/A

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16
Q

What are the consequences of lipid malabsorption?

A

Lipid soluble vitamin malabsorption

17
Q

What is the treatment for lipid malabsorption? Why?

A

Medium chain fatty (8-12) acids b/c they do not require micelles or bile salts for absorption

18
Q

Review the process of fat circulation in the body.

A

N/A

19
Q

What is chyluria?

A

Abnormal connection between urinary tract and lymphatic drainage system

*Milky urine

20
Q

What is a chylothorax?

A

Abnormal connection between pleural space and lymphatic drainage of small intestine

*Milky pleural effusion

21
Q

What are the products of B-oxidation? Where are these products entering the TCA cycle?

A

Even FA= acetyl-CoA

Odd= acetyl CoA & propionyl-CoA
- Succinyl-CoA

22
Q

How much total dietary fat is recommended per day?

A

~30g

23
Q

What is the ideal ratio for omega 6 & 3 consumption?

A

1:1 or 1:5

*****Note that we obtain much more omega-6 in our diet than omega-3; thus, omega-3 needs to be supplemented

24
Q

Aside from CAD, what diseases can be beneficially impacted by omega-3 supplementation?

A

Autoimmune

  • Psoriasis
  • RA
  • Asthma
  • MS
  • DM-I

Depression
Dementia

25
Q

What is the difference between a cis and trans fat?

A

Cis= natural, unsaturated fatty acid

Trans= linear & similar to saturated fatty acids

26
Q

What is the argument for banning trans fat?

A

“Extension in shelf-life not matched by extension of human life

27
Q

What are the negative effects of dietary trans fat?

A 
Dyslipidemia
Abdominal fat 
Systemic inflammation
Endothelial dysfunction
DM 
Membrane dysfunction
28
Q

What enzymes break down alcohol in the liver?

A

1) Alcohol dehydrogenase

2) Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

29
Q

What are the four major metabolic effects of excess alcohol consumption?

A

1) Acetaldehyde toxicity
2) High NADH:NAD ratio
3) Metabolic competition
4) Induced metabolic intolerance

30
Q

What are the stages of liver damage?

A

1) Healthy
2) Fatty
3) Fibrosis
4) Cirrhosis

31
Q

What are the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption?

A
  • Elevate HDL
  • Slowed atherogenesis
  • Decreased CAD

Preventative Med. & Nutrition (30 decks)

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