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Infectious Agents II > Exam 1: Immune Response to Viral Infections > Flashcards

Exam 1: Immune Response to Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What does the interaction between host and virus affecting development and outcome of an infection includes?

A

Host’s primary physical barriers
Host’s immunological ability to control and eliminate the invading viruses
Viral ability to evade destruction
Ability of virus to spread in the body

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of host response to virus infection?

A

Non-specific

Specific

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3
Q

What is the non-specific host response in the skin?

A

Intact, impermeable barrier

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4
Q

What is the non-specific host response in the respiratory system?

A

Cilia, mucous

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5
Q

What is the non-specific host response in the GI tract?

A

Acid, lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

What is the non-specific host response in the urinary tract?

A

Flushing effect of urine flow

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7
Q

What is the on-specific host response in conjunctiva?

A

Tears

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8
Q

What is the non-specific host response for phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages

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9
Q

What is the non-specific host response for interferons?

A

Help overcome virus infections

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10
Q

What is the specific humoral response to virus infections?

A

Immunoglobulins
Neutralize virus infectivity
Elimination of infectious virus
Mediated by plasma cells (B-lymphocytes)

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11
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule which induces the formation of antibdoy

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12
Q

What is an epitope?

A

A single antigenic determinant as a smallest unit of antigen

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13
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A molecule produced by animals in response to antigen

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14
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes respond to an antigenic stimulus by producing and secreting specific immunoglobulins called antibodies

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15
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

Responds to an antigenic stimulus by the activation of several kinds of T lymphocytes and the production and secretion of several kinds of lymphokines

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16
Q

What happens when an immune system goes wrong?

A

Causes tissue damage in vital organs

Virus evades the immune system and establishes a persistent infection

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17
Q

Describe IgM

A 
Earliest antibody produced
Pentamer of 5 IgG molecules
Formed after a week of infection
Persists for 4-6 weeks
Does not cross the placenta from dam to fetus in any speices
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18
Q

Describe IgG

A

Formed later than IgM
Persists for months or years
Responsible for immunity against reinfection

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19
Q

Describe IgA

A

Dimer of 2 IgG molecules
Found in body secretions (saliva, respiratory secretions, tears, and intestinal contents)
Important resistance to infection of the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts
Not routinely measured

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20
Q

What is cellular immune response?

A

Elimination of virus infected cells

Mediated by T-lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and cytokines

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21
Q

What do T helper cells (Th) do?

A

Stimulate cytotoxic cellular response and activate B cells

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22
Q

What do T suppressor cells (Ts) do?

A

Control and regulate the cytotoxic cellular response by suppressing Th cells

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23
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells (Tc)?

A

Main effector cells which kill virus-infected target cells

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24
Q

What do delayed hypersensitivity T cells (Td) do?

A

Release macrophage activation factor

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25
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Direct killing of virus infected cells

No memory, no MHC restriction, and no dependence on antibody

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26
Q

What does interleukin do?

A

Modulate immune response

27
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

A variety of cell types which carry antigen in a form that can stimulate lymphocytes
Monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells

28
Q

Where are MHC class I glycoproteins found?

A

The plasma membrane of most cell types

29
Q

Where are MHC class II glycoproteins found?

A

APCs

30
Q

What is artificial passive immunization?

A

Injection of antibodies that can temporarily protects infection

31
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

The transfer of maternal antibody from dam to fetus or newborn

32
Q

What antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

33
Q

What animals is postnatal transfer (colostrum) important for?

A

Domestic animals

34
Q

What is the most applicable way of preventing viral disease?

A

Immunization

35
Q

Describe live-virus vaccines

A

Replicates in the host, induce a lasting immune response without causing disease
Produce subclinical infection

36
Q

What is the administration routes of live-virus vaccines?

A 
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Oral
Aerosol
Eye drop
Drinking water
37
Q

What are naturally occurring viruses used as a vaccine?

A

Cowpox for small pox
Herpesvirus of turkeys for Marek’s disease vaccine in chickens
Bovine rotavirus used to protect porcine rotavirus infection in piglets

38
Q

Describe virulent viruses used as vaccines

A

Given by an unnatural route
Wild-type infectious laryngotracheitis virus given by blushing cloaca
—produces minimal diseases but induces good immunity

39
Q

How do we get attenuated live virus vaccines?

A

By serial passage through cell cultures, laboratory animals, or embryonic eggs

40
Q

What do virus-vectored vaccines use?

A

Vectors to carry the genes for the protective antigens of other viruses

41
Q

What are examples of virus-vectored vaccines?

A

Folwpox, adenoviruses, herperviruses

Vaccinia-rabies constructs used for vaccination of foxes and raccoons

42
Q

What are inactivated vaccines made from?

A

Virulent virus and use chemical or physical agents to destroy infectivity while maintaining immunogenicity

43
Q

What do virus subunit vaccines produce?

A

Large amounts of viral protein by recombinant DNA technology

44
Q

What is the administration route for a live vaccine?

A

Natural or injection

45
Q

What is the administration route for an inactivated vaccine?

A

Injection

46
Q

What is the level of antigen per dose in live vaccines?

A

Low

47
Q

What is the level of antigen per dose in inactivated vaccines?

A

High

48
Q

What is the cost of live vaccines?

A

Low

49
Q

What is the cost of inactivated vaccines?

A

High

50
Q

Is an adjuvant needed for live vaccines?

A

No

51
Q

Is an adjuvant need for inactivate vaccines?

A

Yes

52
Q

What is the antibody response for live vaccines?

A

IgG, IgA

53
Q

What is the antibody response for inactivated vaccines?

A

IgG

54
Q

What is the cell-mediated immunity like in live vaccines?

A

Good

55
Q

What is the cell-mediated immunity like for inactivated vaccines?

A

Variable

56
Q

Are live vaccines heat labile?

A

Yes

57
Q

Are inactivated vaccines heat labile?

A

No

58
Q

Is there interference with live vaccines?

A

Occassionally

59
Q

Is there interference with inactivated vaccines?

A

No

60
Q

Are there side effects with live vaccines?

A

Yes

61
Q

Are there side effects with inactivated vaccines?

A

Yes

62
Q

Is there reverse to virulence with live vaccines?

A

Possible

63
Q

Is there reverse to virulence with inactivated vaccines?

A

No

Infectious Agents II (25 decks)

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