Exam 1 (Ch 4 Vocab)

Question 1

Endogenous

Answer 1

• source located WITHIN the body

- example: infection in the body after being stabbed by a clean knife

Question 2

Exogenous

Answer 2

• source located OUTSIDE of the body

- example: infection in the body after being stabbed by a dirty knife

Question 3

Aerosol

Answer 3

small droplets in the air

Question 4

Infectious dose

Answer 4

• the number of microbes required to cause an infectious disease
• example: potato salad (the number of microbes needed would be different when comparing Shigella to Salmonella)

Question 5

Toxins

Answer 5

• molecules produced by microbes
• acts to poison tissues
• aids the bacteria’s invasion by making them more permeable

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

• protective layer of a microbe

- helps to inhibit phagocytosis by WBC

Question 7

Slime layer

Answer 7

• protective layer of a microbe

- secreted as a loosely-bound substance, like jelly

Question 8

Immunoglobulins

Answer 8

• antibodies
• produced by B lymphocytes
• upon remembering the 1st exposure, become more prepared for the 2nd exposure

Question 9

Apoptosis

Answer 9

• cell death

- caused by NK (natural killer) cells

Question 10

What are the hosts’ defense strategies? (3)

Answer 10

1. Intact skin
2. Inflammation/Inflammatory response
3. Antibody production

Question 11

Describe the defense strategy of intact skin

Answer 11

• helps to protect the rest of the body from microbes (inhibits infection)
• problem areas: mucous membranes
  #respiratory system
  #genitourinary areas
  #gastrointestinal tract
  #eye

Question 12

Describe the defense strategy of inflammatory response

Answer 12

• nonspecific, innate
• upon recognizing damaged cells, releases interferon and proteins
• increases circulation by dilating blood vessels (so that it can gather more white cells)
• phagocytosis of whatever caused the cell damage
• macrophages = monocytes and neutrophils

Question 13

Describe the defense strategy of antibody production

Answer 13

• specific and adaptive (not innate)
• “lock and key” analogy
• recognize antigen from earlier

Question 14

Chemotaxis

Answer 14

movement of WBCs to the site of infection

Question 15

Diapedesis

Answer 15

• form of chemotaxis

- WBCs leave circulation and move through tissues (by squeezing through endothelial cells)