Exam 1 (Ch 1 Vocab)

Question 1

MDR (multi-drug-resistant)

Answer 1

• “superbugs”

- result of overuse of antibiotics

Question 2

Further explanation of multi-drug resistance

Answer 2

6 days after using antibiotics:
90% pathogen killed
10% strongest survive
Continue re-treating infection, but left with the 10% of the spawn of the strongest each time

Question 3

Molecular diagnostics

Answer 3

• DNA-based testing (PCR, hybridization, etc.)

- identify things specifically based on observing their DNA

Question 4

Pestilence

Answer 4

• virulent disease

- sometimes an epidemic

Question 5

Epidemic

Answer 5

a type of disease in which its incidence is higher than normal

Question 6

Pandemic

Answer 6

• type of epidemic in a large-scale area, such as an entire country
• for example, Malaria in SE African countries

Question 7

Plague

Answer 7

a disease with a high death rate

Question 8

Zoonosis

Answer 8

• humans acquire a disease from animals

- examples: rabies, avian flu, swine flu

Question 9

Contamination

Answer 9

process of making something impure

Question 10

Antiseptic technique

Answer 10

a medical technique that prevents contamination

Question 11

Inoculation (in micro)

Answer 11

putting microbic cultures on media

Question 12

Inoculation (in body)

Answer 12

• the body receiving a disease, usually from a microbe

- results in stimulation of immune system

Question 13

Morbidity

Answer 13

sickness or disease

Question 14

Mortality

Answer 14

death

Question 15

MMWR

Answer 15

• Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report

- published by the CDC

Question 16

Attenuated viruses

Answer 16

live, disease-causing microbe that is weakened before being inoculated

Question 17

Virulent

Answer 17

live, disease-causing microbe that is NOT weakened before being inoculated

Question 18

Acute

Answer 18

severe and short-lived

Question 19

Chronic

Answer 19

persists for a long time

Question 20

Vector

Answer 20

• usually an arthropod (like a mosquito or fly)
• carries a disease-causing organism to a host
• example: West Nile Virus

Question 21

Robert Hooke

Answer 21

• first published description of a microbe

- single lens microscope

Question 22

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 22

• studied bacteria microscopically

- described their shapes and actions as those of “little animals”

Question 23

Louis Pasteur

Answer 23

• performed lots of research with both attenuated and live vaccines
• disproved Spontaneous Generation Theory
• published paper on Germ Theory

Question 24

The Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Answer 24

• “Life comes from non-life material”

- examples: mold growths, frogs (mud + rain)

Question 25

Germ Theory

Answer 25

• “Life comes from life”

- disease is caused by microbes (not humors or evil spirits)

Question 26

Robert Koch

Answer 26

• discovered Bacillus anthracis

- this provided the first proof of Germ Theory

Question 27

Richard Petri

Answer 27

• inventor of the Petri dish
• previously, Koch would use agar in glass plates
• Petri improved Koch’s work by introducing plastic plates

Question 28

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 28

• worked in an OB ward

- found that hand-washing prevented spread of disease and decreased mortality rates in the hospital

Question 29

Joseph Lister

Answer 29

• found that open wounds had higher infection rates
• developed a disinfecting spray for the air in the patient’s room
• antiseptic surgery practiced

Question 30

Edward Jenner

Answer 30

• “Father of Immunology”
• first scientifically validated smallpox vaccination
• developed smallpox immunity from inoculating volunteers with the pus from smallpox lesions

Question 31

Alexander Fleming

Answer 31

• had dirty plates; realized that Staph would not reach the mold on the plates
• Gram positives were inhibited
• discovered Penicillin