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Biology 2 > Exam 1 (ch. 22-26) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (ch. 22-26) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next?

A

Evolution

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2
Q

What is the change in a single gene in a population over time?

A

Microevolution

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3
Q

What is the formation of new species or groups of species?

A

Macroevolution

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4
Q

What is a group of related organisms that share a distinctive form?

A

Species

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5
Q

What are members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus have the opportunity to interbreed?

A

Population

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6
Q

What is an example of interbreeding in species?

A

Dogs interbreeding

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7
Q

Lamarck believed in what kind of inheritence

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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8
Q

What was Lamarck’s famous example of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Giraffes and their necks being longer each generation from reaching upwards

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9
Q

Who said only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce?

A

Thomas Malthus (economist)

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10
Q

Who was famous for setting voyage on the Beagle from 1831-1836 to study Galapagos Island finches?

A

Darwin

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11
Q

What was Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

Descent with modification

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12
Q

What two theories make up descent with modification?

A

Variation within a species, natural selection

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13
Q

What did Darwin notice about the Galapagos Island finches

A

They differed from different parts of the islands in beak shape, depth, color, etc.

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14
Q

What is it called when breeders chose the parents that have desirable traits

A

Selective breeding or artificial selection

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15
Q

What is it called when unique species arise because they are in remote or island locations and have evolved in isolation from the rest of the world?

A

Biogeography

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16
Q

What is it called when two different species are anatomically similar because of their ecological niche and environment?

A

Convergent evolution

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17
Q

What are the three kinds of homologies?

A

Anatomical, developmental, and molecular

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18
Q

What is the kind of homology where different species display similarities in skeletal structures or have vestigial structures?

A

Anatomical homology

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19
Q

What is the kind of homology where in embryonic stages, species share similar features early in development?

A

Developmental homology

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20
Q

What is the kind of homology where at a molecular level species share relatives in DNA?

A

Molecular homology

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21
Q

What are examples of selective breeding mentioned in lecture?

A

Dog breeds, Brassica plants (kohlrabi, kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower), and corn (oil content)

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22
Q

What are examples of biogeography mentioned in lecture?

A

Island fox in California evolved from mainland gray fox, Key deer smaller than normal deer, Australia has many marsupials

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23
Q

What are examples of convergent evolution mentioned in lecture?

A

Giant anteater and Echidna
Aerial rootlets of English Ivy and Wintercreeper
Antifreeze proteins in cold water fish

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24
Q

What is the transitional form of the fossil record mentioned in lecture?

A

Tiktaalik Roseae
Broad skull, eyes on top, tetrapod, primitive wrist and fingers

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25
Q

What are examples of anatomical homology mentioned from lecture?

A

Humans- bony tail, wiggling ears
Boa constrictors- remnants of hips and legs
Whales- remnants of hips
Manatees- fingernails on flippers

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26
Q

What are examples of developmental homology mentioned from lecture?

A

Humans have gill ridges and tails in embryos, evidence of evolution

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27
Q

What are examples of molecular homology mentioned from lecture?

A

Biochemical pathway p53 protein found in most organisms, DNA similarity

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28
Q

What is the study of genes and genotypes in a population?

A

Population genetics

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29
Q

What are all of the alleles for every gene on a given population called?

A

The gene pool

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30
Q

What is it called when genes have two or more variations for a given character?

A

Polymorphism

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31
Q

What is it called when genes have one allele for a given character?

A

Monomorphic

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32
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg Equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1

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33
Q

To be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what cannot occur?

A

No evolutionary mechanisms can occur

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34
Q

What is it called when individuals possess traits that are superior and more likely to survive and be passed down to offspring?

A

Natural selection

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35
Q

What is it called when there is a change in genetic variation due to random chance?

A

Genetic drift

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36
Q

What is it called when individuals select mates based on their genotypes or phenotypes?

A

Nonrandom mating

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37
Q

What is the relative likelihood a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation compared to other genotypes?

A

Fitness

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38
Q

How do you calculate relative fitness?

A

genotype reproductive fitness/ maximum fitness

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39
Q

What is it called when individuals at one extreme of the phenotypic range are more successful in the environment?

A

Directional selection

white and black moths in industrial revolution

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40
Q

What is it called when individuals that have the intermediate phenotype are more successful in their environment?

A

Stabilizing selection

birds have optimal egg laying range

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41
Q

What is it called when an environment favors the survival of two or more phenotypes?

A

Disruptive/Diversifying selection

metal resistant grass in england

42
Q

What is it called when two or more alleles are maintained in a population over the course of many years

A

Balancing selection

Sickle cell

43
Q

What is it called when there are significant differences in in morphologies of sexes?

A

Sexual dimorphism

44
Q

What is it called when males directly compete for mating opportunities

A

Intrasexual competition

45
Q

What is it called when females chose their mate based on sexual characterisitcs

A

Intersexual selection

Also sexual selection in general

46
Q

In areas low in predators males are ____ brightly colored, in areas with predators males are _____ brightly colored

A

more, less

47
Q

What is it called when a population is dramatically reduced then rebuilt missing a phenotype or genotype?

A

Bottleneck

48
Q

What is it called when a small group of individuals separates and forms a larger population?

A

Founder effect

49
Q

What is it called when groups of the same species have somewhat different traits but not different enough to be called a separate species?

A

Subspecies

50
Q

What is it called when bacterial species are genetically distinct population local to an environment?

A

Ecotypes

51
Q

What is it called when scientists distinguish species based on physical characteristics of an organism?

A

Morphological traits

52
Q

What is it called when one species cannot successfully interbreeding with another species?

A

Reproductive isolation

53
Q

What is it called when species are determined based on their environment?

A

Ecological factors, mostly bacteria

54
Q

What is the concept where species have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable offspring, but cannot interbreed with other species.

A

Biological species concept

55
Q

What is the concept where species should be defined based on their evolutionary lineages?

A

Evolutionary lineage concept

56
Q

What is the concept where species should be classified based on their ecological niches?

A

Ecological species concept

57
Q

What is the concept where each species is classified based on morphology, reproductive isolation, DNA sequences, and ecology?

A

General lineage concept

58
Q

What is the reproductive isolation where a zygote is prevented from forming?

A

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

59
Q

What is the reproductive isolation where a zygote can form but fails to develop past embryonic stages

A

Postzygotic isolating mechnisms

60
Q

What are the prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

-habitat isolation
-temporal isolation (reproduce at different seasons)
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation
-behavioral isolation

61
Q

What are the types of postzygotic isolation?

A

-hybrid inviability
-hybrid sterility
-hybrid break down

62
Q

What is the division of a species into two or more species and gene flow is interuppted?

A

Cladogenesis

63
Q

What is the speciation where members of a population become geographically separated?

A

Allopatric speciation

64
Q

What accelarates allopatric speciation?

A

Natural selection and adaptive radiation

65
Q

What is the zone where two populations can interbreed?

A

Hybrid zone

66
Q

For a hybrid zone, what is it called when gene flow is limited and reproductive isolation is reinforced?

A

Reinforcement

67
Q

For a hybrid zone what is it called when hybrids are fit to promote gene flow between populations?

A

Fusion

68
Q

For a hybrid zone what is it called when two species overlap because they have lower fitness

A

Stability

69
Q

What is speciation where members are within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers?

A

Sympatric speciation

70
Q

What are mechanisms of sympatric speciation?

A

polyploidy
hybrid speciation
adaptation to local environments
sexual selection

71
Q

What is it called when organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes?

A

Polyploidy

72
Q

What is it called when species make a hybrid?

A

Hybrid speciation

73
Q

What is it called when species adapt to specific environments and they diverge?

A

Adaptation to local environments

74
Q

What is it called when females prefer certain male characteristics?

A

Sexual selection

75
Q

What is it called when each new species evolves continuously over a long period of time?

A

Gradualism, large phenotypic differences

76
Q

What is it called when species are in equilibrium and then experience short robust changes?

A

Punctualism

77
Q

What is the science of describing naming and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses?

A

Taxonomy

78
Q

What is the study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern?

A

Systematics

79
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

80
Q

What is the group between domain and kingdom?

A

Supergroup

81
Q

What are the rules for writing a species and genus?

A

-genus first then species
-genus capitalized
-species lowercase
-always italicized

82
Q

What is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species?

A

Phylogeny

83
Q

What is a single species evolving into a different species?

A

Anagenesis

84
Q

What is a species diverging into two or more species?

A

Cladogenesis

85
Q

How can new species be formed?

A

Anagenesis and cladogenesis

86
Q

What are the branch points of phylogenetic trees called?

A

Nodes

87
Q

What is a common ancestral species and all of its descendants called on a phylogenetic tree?

A

A clade

88
Q

What is the phylogenetic group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants?

A

Monophyletic group

89
Q

What is the phylogenetic group containing two common ancestors and part of its descendants?

A

Paraphyletic group

90
Q

What is the phylogenetic group containing part of the common ancestors and all of the descendants?

A

Polyphyletic group

91
Q

What group classification is preferred on phylogenetic trees?

A

Monophyletic groups because they’re complete

92
Q

As mentioned in lecture, what propelled the evolution of horses?

A

Changes in environment caused them to adapt, grow bigger, faster, stronger, different skeleton

93
Q

What is the study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships?

A

Cladistics

94
Q

What is the branch of cladistics where two or more different taxa inherited a characteristic from their last common ancestor? What was the class example?

A

Symplesiomorphy, eyes

95
Q

What is the branch of cladistics where two or more species or taxa has a character originated by their most recent common ancestor? What was the class example

A

Synapomorphy, flippers

96
Q

When referring to a cladogram what is the area where two species differ?

A

Branch point

97
Q

When referring to a cladogram what is the group we are interested in?

A

Ingroup

98
Q

When referring to a cladogram what is the species that is assumed to have diverged from the ingroup?

A

Outgroup

99
Q

How often should characters appear on a cladogram?

A

Once

100
Q

How would we determine the correct cladogram based on the principle of parismony?

A

The one with the fewest mutations

101
Q

What is the gene transfer process where organisms incorporate genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

102
Q

What is the gene transfer process where there are changes in groups due to descent from a common ancestor?

A

Vertical evolution

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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