Exam 1 (ch. 22-26) Flashcards
What is the heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next?
Evolution
What is the change in a single gene in a population over time?
Microevolution
What is the formation of new species or groups of species?
Macroevolution
What is a group of related organisms that share a distinctive form?
Species
What are members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus have the opportunity to interbreed?
Population
What is an example of interbreeding in species?
Dogs interbreeding
Lamarck believed in what kind of inheritence
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
What was Lamarck’s famous example of inheritance of acquired characteristics?
Giraffes and their necks being longer each generation from reaching upwards
Who said only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce?
Thomas Malthus (economist)
Who was famous for setting voyage on the Beagle from 1831-1836 to study Galapagos Island finches?
Darwin
What was Darwin’s theory of evolution
Descent with modification
What two theories make up descent with modification?
Variation within a species, natural selection
What did Darwin notice about the Galapagos Island finches
They differed from different parts of the islands in beak shape, depth, color, etc.
What is it called when breeders chose the parents that have desirable traits
Selective breeding or artificial selection
What is it called when unique species arise because they are in remote or island locations and have evolved in isolation from the rest of the world?
Biogeography
What is it called when two different species are anatomically similar because of their ecological niche and environment?
Convergent evolution
What are the three kinds of homologies?
Anatomical, developmental, and molecular
What is the kind of homology where different species display similarities in skeletal structures or have vestigial structures?
Anatomical homology
What is the kind of homology where in embryonic stages, species share similar features early in development?
Developmental homology
What is the kind of homology where at a molecular level species share relatives in DNA?
Molecular homology
What are examples of selective breeding mentioned in lecture?
Dog breeds, Brassica plants (kohlrabi, kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower), and corn (oil content)
What are examples of biogeography mentioned in lecture?
Island fox in California evolved from mainland gray fox, Key deer smaller than normal deer, Australia has many marsupials
What are examples of convergent evolution mentioned in lecture?
Giant anteater and Echidna
Aerial rootlets of English Ivy and Wintercreeper
Antifreeze proteins in cold water fish
What is the transitional form of the fossil record mentioned in lecture?
Tiktaalik Roseae
Broad skull, eyes on top, tetrapod, primitive wrist and fingers
What are examples of anatomical homology mentioned from lecture?
Humans- bony tail, wiggling ears
Boa constrictors- remnants of hips and legs
Whales- remnants of hips
Manatees- fingernails on flippers
What are examples of developmental homology mentioned from lecture?
Humans have gill ridges and tails in embryos, evidence of evolution
What are examples of molecular homology mentioned from lecture?
Biochemical pathway p53 protein found in most organisms, DNA similarity
What is the study of genes and genotypes in a population?
Population genetics
What are all of the alleles for every gene on a given population called?
The gene pool
What is it called when genes have two or more variations for a given character?
Polymorphism
What is it called when genes have one allele for a given character?
Monomorphic
What is the Hardy Weinberg Equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1
To be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what cannot occur?
No evolutionary mechanisms can occur
What is it called when individuals possess traits that are superior and more likely to survive and be passed down to offspring?
Natural selection
What is it called when there is a change in genetic variation due to random chance?
Genetic drift
What is it called when individuals select mates based on their genotypes or phenotypes?
Nonrandom mating
What is the relative likelihood a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation compared to other genotypes?
Fitness
How do you calculate relative fitness?
genotype reproductive fitness/ maximum fitness
What is it called when individuals at one extreme of the phenotypic range are more successful in the environment?
Directional selection
white and black moths in industrial revolution
What is it called when individuals that have the intermediate phenotype are more successful in their environment?
Stabilizing selection
birds have optimal egg laying range
What is it called when an environment favors the survival of two or more phenotypes?
Disruptive/Diversifying selection
metal resistant grass in england
What is it called when two or more alleles are maintained in a population over the course of many years
Balancing selection
Sickle cell
What is it called when there are significant differences in in morphologies of sexes?
Sexual dimorphism
What is it called when males directly compete for mating opportunities
Intrasexual competition
What is it called when females chose their mate based on sexual characterisitcs
Intersexual selection
Also sexual selection in general
In areas low in predators males are ____ brightly colored, in areas with predators males are _____ brightly colored
more, less
What is it called when a population is dramatically reduced then rebuilt missing a phenotype or genotype?
Bottleneck
What is it called when a small group of individuals separates and forms a larger population?
Founder effect
What is it called when groups of the same species have somewhat different traits but not different enough to be called a separate species?
Subspecies
What is it called when bacterial species are genetically distinct population local to an environment?
Ecotypes
What is it called when scientists distinguish species based on physical characteristics of an organism?
Morphological traits
What is it called when one species cannot successfully interbreeding with another species?
Reproductive isolation
What is it called when species are determined based on their environment?
Ecological factors, mostly bacteria
What is the concept where species have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable offspring, but cannot interbreed with other species.
Biological species concept
What is the concept where species should be defined based on their evolutionary lineages?
Evolutionary lineage concept
What is the concept where species should be classified based on their ecological niches?
Ecological species concept
What is the concept where each species is classified based on morphology, reproductive isolation, DNA sequences, and ecology?
General lineage concept
What is the reproductive isolation where a zygote is prevented from forming?
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
What is the reproductive isolation where a zygote can form but fails to develop past embryonic stages
Postzygotic isolating mechnisms
What are the prezygotic isolating mechanisms?
-habitat isolation
-temporal isolation (reproduce at different seasons)
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation
-behavioral isolation
What are the types of postzygotic isolation?
-hybrid inviability
-hybrid sterility
-hybrid break down
What is the division of a species into two or more species and gene flow is interuppted?
Cladogenesis
What is the speciation where members of a population become geographically separated?
Allopatric speciation
What accelarates allopatric speciation?
Natural selection and adaptive radiation
What is the zone where two populations can interbreed?
Hybrid zone
For a hybrid zone, what is it called when gene flow is limited and reproductive isolation is reinforced?
Reinforcement
For a hybrid zone what is it called when hybrids are fit to promote gene flow between populations?
Fusion
For a hybrid zone what is it called when two species overlap because they have lower fitness
Stability
What is speciation where members are within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers?
Sympatric speciation
What are mechanisms of sympatric speciation?
polyploidy
hybrid speciation
adaptation to local environments
sexual selection
What is it called when organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes?
Polyploidy
What is it called when species make a hybrid?
Hybrid speciation
What is it called when species adapt to specific environments and they diverge?
Adaptation to local environments
What is it called when females prefer certain male characteristics?
Sexual selection
What is it called when each new species evolves continuously over a long period of time?
Gradualism, large phenotypic differences
What is it called when species are in equilibrium and then experience short robust changes?
Punctualism
What is the science of describing naming and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses?
Taxonomy
What is the study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern?
Systematics
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
What is the group between domain and kingdom?
Supergroup
What are the rules for writing a species and genus?
-genus first then species
-genus capitalized
-species lowercase
-always italicized
What is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species?
Phylogeny
What is a single species evolving into a different species?
Anagenesis
What is a species diverging into two or more species?
Cladogenesis
How can new species be formed?
Anagenesis and cladogenesis
What are the branch points of phylogenetic trees called?
Nodes
What is a common ancestral species and all of its descendants called on a phylogenetic tree?
A clade
What is the phylogenetic group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants?
Monophyletic group
What is the phylogenetic group containing two common ancestors and part of its descendants?
Paraphyletic group
What is the phylogenetic group containing part of the common ancestors and all of the descendants?
Polyphyletic group
What group classification is preferred on phylogenetic trees?
Monophyletic groups because they’re complete
As mentioned in lecture, what propelled the evolution of horses?
Changes in environment caused them to adapt, grow bigger, faster, stronger, different skeleton
What is the study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships?
Cladistics
What is the branch of cladistics where two or more different taxa inherited a characteristic from their last common ancestor? What was the class example?
Symplesiomorphy, eyes
What is the branch of cladistics where two or more species or taxa has a character originated by their most recent common ancestor? What was the class example
Synapomorphy, flippers
When referring to a cladogram what is the area where two species differ?
Branch point
When referring to a cladogram what is the group we are interested in?
Ingroup
When referring to a cladogram what is the species that is assumed to have diverged from the ingroup?
Outgroup
How often should characters appear on a cladogram?
Once
How would we determine the correct cladogram based on the principle of parismony?
The one with the fewest mutations
What is the gene transfer process where organisms incorporate genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism?
Horizontal gene transfer
What is the gene transfer process where there are changes in groups due to descent from a common ancestor?
Vertical evolution
