Ch. 56

Question 1

What is the mark-recapture technique used for?

Answer 1

Method for estimating population size

Question 2

What is the mark-recapture technique equation?

Answer 2

N= M x S / R
N= total population
M= number of marked individuals in first catch
S= Total number of second catch
R= Number of marked recaptures in the second catch

Question 3

What are the dispersion patterns

Answer 3

Clumped, uniform, random

Question 4

Which dispersion pattern is most common?

Answer 4

Clumped, due to attraction to resources

Question 5

Which dispersion pattern is the rarest?

Answer 5

Random, resources are rarely randomly dispersed

Question 6

What is it called when all offspring are produced in a single reproductive event?

Answer 6

Semelparity

Question 7

What is it called when offspring repeatedly reproduced at intervals throughout the life cycle?

Answer 7

Iteroparity

Question 8

What is continuous iteroparity?

Answer 8

Reproduce repeatedly throughout the any time of year

Question 9

What is seasonal iteroparity?

Answer 9

Reproduce in distinct breeding seasons

Question 10

What is the type 1 survivorship curve pattern?

Answer 10

Most individuals die late in life

Question 11

What is the type 2 survivorship curve pattern?

Answer 11

Uniform rate of decline, death occurs at any age

Question 12

What is the type 3 survivorship curve pattern?

Answer 12

Most individuals die early in life, young

Question 13

What is the net reproductive rate equation?

Answer 13

R0 = Σ lx * mx
R0= net reproductive rate
Σ = sum for all ages
lx= age specific survivorship
mx= age specific fertility

Question 14

What is the equation used to calculate future population size?

Answer 14

N(t +1) = N(t)R0
N(t+1)= population size at generation plus time
N(t)= population size at time now
R0= net reproductive rate

Question 15

What do the values of R0 mean?

Answer 15

R0 > 1 the population will grow
R0 = 1 the population is at equlibrium
R0 <1 the population is declining

Question 16

The short cut used to predict population without using R0 is the finite rate of increase from one year to the next, how is it calculated?

Answer 16

λ = N(t+1) / N(t)
λ = finite rate of increase
N(t+1) = population size at time now + 1 year
N(t) = population at time now

Question 17

What is the difference between R0 and λ?

Answer 17

R0= net reproductive rate per generation
λ = finite population change over some time interval, often 1 year

Question 18

Relate R0 and λ to population growth.

Answer 18

R0 > 1 or λ > 1 populations grow
R0 = 1 or λ = 1 population equilibrium
R0 < 1 or λ < 1 populations decline

Question 19

How do population models show growth trends?

Answer 19

Exponential growth- resources not limiting, prodigious growth
Logistic growth- resources are limiting, effects amount of growth

Question 20

What is the equation used to calculate per capita growth rate?

Answer 20

∆N/∆t = B - D
∆N = change in numbers
∆t = change in time
B = births
D = deaths

Question 21

To calculate birth and death rate per individual in the population what is the equation?

Answer 21

∆N/∆t = bN - dN
bN = births / individual
dN = deaths / individual

Question 22

How do ecologists also write ∆N/∆t?

Answer 22

As dN/dt = rN to use calculus

Question 23

Using r = (b - d) how can we relate r to exponential growth?

Answer 23

r > 0 population increases
r = 0 population is stable

Question 24

What is the equation for logistic growth with carrying capacity?

Answer 24

∆N/∆t = rN( K- N / K)
K = carrying capacity
r = per capita rate of population grown
N = population size

Question 25

What are the density dependent factors that influence mortality within a population?

Answer 25

Predation, competition for resources, parasitism

Question 26

What is a series of small separate populations in individual habitat patches that mutually affect one another?

Answer 26

Metapopulation