Exam 1 - ch 1/2

Question 1

Define nutrition education and nutrition counseling, and how are they different?

Answer 1

Nutrition education is broadly educating usually groups but also individuals where nutrition counseling is collaborative with the client. The collaboration aspect is the main difference between the two.

Question 2

List several influences listed in the chapter that affect food choices

Answer 2

• Sensory appeal
• Habit
• Health concern
• Nutrition knowledge
• Convenience and time
• Culture and religion
• Social influence
• Media and physical environment
• Economics
• Availability and variety
• Psychological

Question 3

List several qualities considered most influential in the counseling relationship.

Answer 3

• They have a solid foundation of knowledge
• Effective nutrition counselors are self-aware
• They have ethical integrity
• They have congruence
• They are honest and genuine
• They can communicate clearly
• They have a sense of gender and cultural awareness
• They have a sense of humor
• They are flexible
• They are optimistic and hopeful
• They respect, value, care, and trust others
• They can accurately understand what people feel from their frame of reference (empathy)

Question 4

Describe functions of cultural values

Answer 4

1. Provide – provide a set of rules by which to govern lives
2. Serve – serve as a basis for attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
3. Guide – guide actions and decisions
4. Give – give directions to lives and help solve common problems
5. Influence – influence how to perceive and react to others
6. Help – help determine basic attitudes regarding personal, social, and philosophical issues
7. Reflect – reflect a person’s identity and provide a basis for self-evaluation

Question 5

Describe/list the two phases of the helping relationship between you and your client

Answer 5

1st phase – building a relationship
* Goal: learn the nature of the problem from client’s viewpoint, explore strengths, promote self-exploration

2nd phase – helping your client by facilitating positive change
* Identify specific behaviors to alter, and design realistic behavior change strategies to facilitate positive action. Utilize non judgmental feedback

Question 6

concepts

Answer 6

are a building block of a theory

Question 7

Construct

Answer 7

a concept becomes a construct when it’s utilized in a theory or model

Question 8

Model

Answer 8

relates events, objects and principles together without explaining the reasons

Question 9

Theory

Answer 9

explains the relationships between concepts; may contain dozens of concepts and principles organized in such a way that it explains an event or phenomenon

Question 10

Define self-efficacy

Answer 10

• The confidence to perform a specific behavior and belief in ability to make a change
• A positive self-efficacy increases probability of making change

Question 11

Label, list and describe all of the constructs of the health belief model

Answer 11

1. Perceived susceptibility: How likely someone is to get a particular health condition
2. Perceived severity: How serious the health condition is and its consequences
3. Perceived benefits: How effective taking action is to reduce the risk or seriousness of the health condition
4. Perceived barriers: The obstacles or costs associated with taking action
5. Self-efficacy: The belief in one’s ability to perform the recommended action
6. Cues to action: Factors that trigger action

Question 12

List out the intervention possibilities for the Health Belief Model

Answer 12

1. Perceived susceptibility: provide education on disease risk and link to diet
2. Perceived severity: discuss disease impact on client’s physical, economic, social, and family life. Clarify consequences
3. Perceived benefits: specify action and benefits of the action
4. Perceived barriers: explore pros and cons, offer assistance, reassurance, correct misinfo, provide taste tests
5. Self-efficacy: provide skill training and demonstrate behaviors, goal setting, provide verbal reinforcement
6. Cues to action: link current symptoms to health problem, encourage social support, use reminder systems

Question 13

Label, list the stages of change in the transtheoretical model of change, and describe each stage.

Answer 13

1. Precontemplation – no intention of changing in next 6 months
2. Contemplation – aware of problem, thinking about changing in next 6 months
3. Preparation – intend to change w/in 30 days
4. Action – actively engaged in behavior change for less than 6 months
5. Maintenance – engaged in the new behavior for at least 6 months

termination also a possibility

Question 14

theory of planned behavior

Answer 14

An individual’s health behavior is directly influenced by intention to engage in that behavior

Question 15

Theory of planned behavior: What are 3 factors affecting behavior intentions?

Answer 15

1. Attitudes
2. Subjective norm
3. Perceived behavioral control

Question 16

social cognitive theory

Answer 16

a theory that explains how people’s behavior is influenced by a dynamic interaction between their personal factors, the environment, and their behavior (reciprocal determinism)

Question 17

client-centered counseling

Answer 17

Believes humans are basically rational, socialized, and realistic with a tendency toward self-growth, self-actualization, and self-direction

Counselors:
* help develop environment by accepting clients without passing judgement on their thoughts, behavior, or physique
* respect clients regardless of compliance to advice

Client:
* Actively participate in clarifying needs and exploring potential solutions
* Realize their potential growth in and environment of unconditional positive self-regard
* Discover within themselves the capacity to use the relationship to change and grow, thereby promoting wellness and independence

Question 18

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 18

Combines cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy; Focus is on changing the environment or internal factors so that it will be conducive to learning new behaviors

Question 19

solution-focused therapy

Answer 19

Aim is for client to use solution-oriented language
* have clients concentrate on solutions that have worked in the past
* identify stengths to be expanded upon
* make list of resources
* focus on times of success
* investigae accomplishments leading to adaptive strategies

Question 20

What is the definition of MI, decrease what? While increasing what?

Answer 20

Get clients to resolve their ambivalence about changing their behavior, while not evoking resistance
- Helps resolve ambivalence by increasing discrepancy between client’s current behaviors and desired goals while decreasing resistance

Question 21

Label, list and describe the constructs of MI - OARS

Answer 21

• Open Ended Questions - Must communicate curiosity, concern and respect
• Affirmations – recognize their strengths and efforts
• Reflective listening – interpreting the heart of the client’s message and reflecting the interpretation back to them
• Summaries – done periodically, helps organize thoughts, reinforce change talk, clarify discrepancies or transition to a new topic

Question 22

Label, list and describe the constructs of RULE

Answer 22

• resist the righting reflex - resistence is normal, don’t provide all the reasons for changing
• understand and explore motivations - explore perceptions and notice any discrepancy with current behaviors and values, beliefs, or concerns
• listen with empathy - make client feel safe and accepted
• empower the client - genuinely believe in their ability to change

Question 23

Describe the 3 ways to utilize the 1-10 scale. Describe how to use the scale when working with a client.

Answer 23

On a scale of 1-10:
* how important is the changed behavior
* how ready is client to make change
* how confident is client in ability to make change

follow up with asking why they chose that number