Exam 1 Flashcards
Psychology…
Field of study concerned with mental processes experienced in daily living.
Word Study
Psyche: ____ (or mind or mental aspects)
Logos: _____ __
Concept of psychology is very old but science of psychology is much newer.
soul
study of
Mind-body connectedness has been a source of discussion and debate for centuries
- ______: body and mind are separate and unrelated.
- _______: body and mind are the same and interdependent, but separate from the soul.
Each view shapes modern science of psychology
Dualism
Monoism
Psychology - Early Science
19th century focus on biology and neurocognition
- Wilhelm Wundt: German physician/physiologist
- William James: Harvard physician/physiologist
20th century shift to behavior and social elements
- Kurt Lewin: social psychology; environment
- B.F. Skinner: _________; reinforcement
- George Engel: biopsychosocial model; health psych
behaviorism
Defining Physical Activity
General term for all forms of movement that include exertion and result in energy expenditure
Sources of PA
1) _______: fitness-related activities
2) Sport: organized games of play
3) _______: leisure and hobby-related activities
4) Labor: work-related activity
1) Exercise
3) Recreation
Defining Exercise Psychology
Convergence of exercise science and psychology
________: type of physical activity that promotes fitness, health, and wellness
________: the science of behavior
Exercise + Psychology = Exercise Psychology
History: new discipline rooted in ancient concepts
Exercise
Psychology
What are the ABCs of exercise?
Antecedents
Behavior
Consequences
Exercise Psychology – Why?
Most Important Considerations:
__________: what variables impact exercise-related decisions?
___________: what outcomes can be expected from acute and/or chronic exercise behavior
Antecedents
Consequences
Name four benefits to physical activity.
1) Physiological health/physical fitness
2) Physical appearance
3) Emotional health and cognitive function
4) Social relationships
Name five barriers to physical activity.
1) Convenience/availability
2) Environmental/ecological factors
3) Physical limitations
4) Lack of time
5) Boredom/lack of enjoyment
Model vs. Thoery
_____:
- Visual representation of variable relationships.
- Not always based on tested hypotheses.
______:
- Systematic arrangement of variables that provide a basis for explaining outcomes.
- Invites scientific evaluation of proposed variable relationships.
- Often represented through the use of a model.
Model
Theory
**The theory helps to do the explaining for the model! **
Why Theories Are Important
1) They provide a _______ for understanding adoption and maintenance of PA behaviors.
2) They can help practitioners understand _________ and _____* encountered by clients engaged in PA.
3) They allow practitioners to _______ an approach* to behavior change that seems well-suited to a particular ‘type’ of client.
framework
challenges and lapses
identify an approach
Explain the Expectancy-Value theory.
Based on the premise is that successful behavior change requires that the outcome be both valued and expected.
Value: Is the outcome important?
Expectancy: Is the outcome achievable or likely?
Social Cognitive theory is also known as what?
Social-Efficacy Theory
Explain Social Cognitive Theory.
What are the two core principles?
(Memorize)
(#1 on potential essay/short answer)
-Based on the premise that our perceptions about our ability to be successful impacts our behavior.
Core Principles
1) Self-Efficacy: belief in self to be successful at a specific task given possessed abilities and the uniqueness of the situation (narrow + task specific).
2) Reciprocal Determinism: the interaction and relationship b/w person, environment, and behavior.
Ex:
Going into the gym - I have failed a 36’’ box jump in the past - So I attempt 30’’ box jumps for 2 reps and also worked on other explosive exercises - This increases my self-efficacy allowing my perceptions of achieving my goal to be more likely.
List and describe the four sources of self-efficacy.
PVSP
1) Past Performance: degree of perceived success in prior similar attempts; links to perceived mastery.
2) Vicarious Experiences: observation of similar others complete similar tasks; linked to modeling.
3) Social Persuasion: verbal and non-verbal tactics by expert or significant others.
4) Physiological State: bodily (HR, BP, sweating, etc.) and mood-related (affect, anxiety, etc.) perceptions
**These are listed in most to least important.
Explain the Theory of Planned Behavior.
What are the three primary aspects of intention? (SAP)
(Memorize)
(#1 on potential essay/short answer)
-Based on the premise that intention drives behavior.
Primary aspects of intention:
1) Attitude: beliefs about and evaluation of anticipated consequences of actions.
2) Subjective Norm: perceptions about and motivation to comply with expectations of others.
3) Perceived Control: perceptions about how much personal control exists for engaging in a behavior.
Ex:
-I had a bad day today which resulted in a bad attitude about exercising, making my intentions to go to the gym very low. I was going to try to go for a back-squat PR today, but I really wasn’t feeling it. The following day, I had a great day at school; therefore, I had a great attitude and high intentions toward going to the gym and smashing a new PR!
Explain Self-Determination Theory.
What are the three innate psychological needs? (SCR)
(Memorize)
(#1 on potential essay/short answer)
- Based on the premise that we possess three innate psychological needs and that we *seek out opportunities to meet these needs.
- -Self-Determination: autonomy; in control
- -Competence: mastery; effective
- -Relatedness: socially involved and satisfied
-Designed to better explain affective and cognitive aspects of motivation and behavior.
-Ex:
Personal training group session - personal trainer who has autonomy over the group session (self-determination) - The group experiences relatedness, being socially involved with others - the personal trainer wants to help the group feel a sense of competence or mastery over the trained exercises of the group session.
-All of the three innate psychological needs are met in this exercise group session.
Self-Determination Theory
What are the six levels of motivation?
IM, IR, IR, IR, ER, AM
1) Intrinsic motivation: based on activity itself; pleasure, satisfaction
2) Integrated regulation: based on confirming sense of self; self-schema
3) Identified regulation: based on personal goals; achievement
4) Introjected regulation: dictated by self-imposed pressure; obligation, guilt
5) External regulation: related to external reward
6) Amotivation: absence of motivation; helpless
Conditioning Theories
1) ________ __________.
- Suggests future behavior is most closely tied to interpretation of antecedents.
- Also known as respondent conditioning.
2) _______ _________.
- Suggests future behavior is most closely tied to interpretation of consequences.
- Basis for Stimulus Response Theory (SRT)
-Represents consideration of the A-B-C’s of behavior change
1) Classical conditioning
2) Operant conditioning
Explain the Stimulus-Response theory.
(Memorize)
(#1 on potential essay/short answer)
- Based on the premise that consequences have a greater impact on behavior than do antecedents; also identifies events that can follow a behavior and the effects these events will have on future behavior.
- This theory suggests an explanation for how people learn new behaviors.
- Ex:
- I was experiencing some knee pain and was informed that exercise can help cure some of the pain and make me feel better. So the next day I went to the gym and performed some leg exercises and my knee felt a little better. This was through “negative reinforcement” taking away something negative which leads to something positive.
