EX 8: ALCOHOLS Flashcards
1
Q
organic compounds composed of an aliphatic carbon atom with a HYDROXYL (-OH) functional group
A
ALCOHOL
2
Q
functional group of all alcohols
A
HYDROXYL GROUP
3
Q
general formula for alcohols
A
ROH
4
Q
- very COMMON and may exist FREELY in nature
- exhibit some unique set of physicochemical properties mainly due to the presence of the hydroxyl functional group
- some of the properties of alcohols depend on the LENGTH of the alkyl chain attached to the hydroxyl group
A
ALCOHOLS
5
Q
active component of alcoholic beverages
A
ETHANOL (ethyl alcohol)
6
Q
general formula for primary (1°) alcohol
A
RCH2OH
7
Q
general formula for secondary (2°) alcohol
A
R2CHOH
8
Q
general formula for tertiary (3°) alcohol
A
R3COH
9
Q
C with the –OH group attached to ONE other carbon atom
A
primary (1°) alcohol
10
Q
C with the –OH group attached to TWO other carbon atoms
A
secondary (2°) alcohol
11
Q
C with the –OH group attached to THREE other carbon atoms
A
tertiary (3°) alcohol
12
Q
PRIMARY ALCOHOL oxidation process
A
alcohol —> aldehyde —> carboxylic acid
13
Q
SECONDARY ALCOHOL oxidation process
A
alcohol —> ketone
14
Q
enzyme that inactivate the substance
A
ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
15
Q
- antabuse
- used by people with chronic alchoholism
A
DISULFIRAM
16
Q
Boiling point of ALCOHOL
A
HIGHER than hcs
17
Q
the solubility of alcohols is governed by its ability to perform ___________ with polar solvents
A
INTERMOLECULAR H-BONDING
18
Q
usually formed in between the OH group of alcohol and water
A
H-BONDS
19
Q
the LONGER the alkyl chain is, the _____ the alcohol becomes soluble with water
A
LESSER
20
Q
the ______ the alkyl chain is, the LESSER the alcohol
becomes soluble with water
A
LONGER
21
Q
the longer the alkyl chain is, the lesser the alcohol becomes _________ with water
A
SOLUBLE
22
Q
alcohols are acidic in nature e because of their ability to react with _____
A
ACTIVE METALS
23
Q
what forms when alcohols react with active metals
A
ALKOXIDE
24
Q
alcohol acidity is due to the ______
A
POLARITY OF THE HYDROXYL BOND
25
what happens to the acidity of alcohol when an ELECTRON DONATING group is attached to the hydroxyl group as the electron density increases on the oxygen atom
ACIDITY DECREASES
26
primary alcohols are ______ acidic than secondary and tertiary alcohols
MORE ACIDIC
27
alcohols exhibit a range of spontaneous chemical reactions due to the _____ of C-O and O-H bonds
CLEAVAGE
28
used to distinguish PRIMARY and SECONDARY alcohols from tertiary alcohols
JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST)
29
also known as CHROMIC ACID TEST
JONES TEST
30
JONES TEST is named after
EWART JONES
31
Jones reagent
CrO3 (chromium oxide) in H2SO4
32
POSITIVE RESULT in JONES TEST
BLUE-GREEN SOLN
33
JONES TEST:
1° alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized to _________
CARBOXYLIC ACID
34
JONES TEST:
2° alcohols are oxidized to
KETONES
35
JONES TEST:
the ___________ (Cr6+) is REDUCED to a BLUE-GREEN TRIVALENT chromium (Cr3+) species, which often precipitates in acetone
ORANGE HEXAVALENT
36
JONES TEST:
the orange hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is reduced to a ___________ chromium (Cr3+) species, which often precipitates in acetone
BLUE-GREEN TRIVALENT
37
JONES TEST:
the orange hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is reduced to a blue-green trivalent chromium (Cr3+) species, which often precipitates in _____
ACETONE
38
used as PRESERVATIVES in VACCINES but NOT used in NEONATES because it can cause GASPING SYNDROME
benzyl alcohol
39
used to distinguish TERTIARY and SECONDARY alcohols from primary alcohols
LUCAS TEST
40
Lucas reagent
ZnCl2 in concentrated HCl
41
Lucas test is named after
HOWARD LUCAS
42
POSITIVE RESULT in LUCAS TEST
turbid solution/formation of two layers
43
LUCAS TEST:
SN1 mechanism to produce ____________________ which appears as white precipitate or cloudiness of the solution; benzyl, allylic and propargylic alcohols often give immediate results like tertiary alcohols
INSOLUBLE ALKYL CHLORIDE
44
LUCAS TEST:
SN1 mechanism to produce insoluble alkyl chloride which appears as ________________ of the solution; benzyl, allylic and propargylic alcohols often give immediate results like tertiary alcohols
WHITE PPT OR CLOUDINESS
45
LUCAS TEST:
SN1 mechanism to produce insoluble alkyl chloride which appears as white precipitate or cloudiness of the solution; benzyl, allylic and propargylic alcohols often give _________________ like tertiary alcohols
IMMEDIATE RESULTS
46
used to demonstrate REACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLS WITH CARBOXYLIC ACID when heated with acid catalyst
ESTERIFICATION
47
POSITIVE RESULT in ESTERIFICATION:
methanol w/ salicylic acid
MINTY ODOR (methyl salicylate)
48
POSITIVE RESULT in ESTERIFICATION:
esters
FRUITY-LIKE ODOR
49
principle of esterification
reaction is both SLOW & REVERSIBLE
50
demonstrate OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS through partial oxidation and dehydrogenation using hot catalyst (heated copper)
TEST FOR METHANOL
51
TEST FOR METHANOL: POSITIVE RESULT
RED-VIOLET RING; DARK RED PPT
52
TEST FOR METHANOL method was introduced by
ROBERT MULLIKEN
53
TEST FOR METHANOL:
methanol is oxidized to _______ (formaldehyde) using heated copper as catalyst; to detect if methanol was oxidized, resorcinol is added to the solution and a concentrated sulfuric acid) is added dropwise to induce color change, precipitates and layer formation
METHANAL
54
TEST FOR METHANOL:
methanol is oxidized to methanal (formaldehyde) using ___________ as catalyst; to detect if methanol was oxidized, resorcinol is added to the solution and a concentrated sulfuric acid) is added dropwise to induce color change, precipitates and layer formation
HEATED COPPER
55
TEST FOR METHANOL:
methanol is oxidized to methanal (formaldehyde) using heated copper as catalyst; to detect if methanol was oxidized, ___________ is added to the solution and a concentrated sulfuric acid) is added dropwise to induce color change, precipitates and layer formation
RESORCINOL
56
TEST FOR METHANOL:
methanol is oxidized to methanal (formaldehyde) using heated copper as catalyst; to detect if methanol was oxidized, resorcinol is added to the solution and a concentrated sulfuric acid) is added ______ to induce color change, precipitates and layer formation
DROPWISE
57
used to identify METHYL KETONES or secondary alcohols adjacent to a methyl group
IODOFORM TEST
58
Wagner’s reagent (WIKI)
IODINE IN POTASSIUM IODIDE
59
IODOFORM TEST:
used to decolorize the solution
NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
60
IODOFORM TEST:
POSITIVE RESULT
turbid yellow solution/canary yellow precipitate
61
IODOFORM TEST:
I2 in KI in NaOH reacts only for compounds with the structure RCH(OH)CH3 or RC=OCH3 to form _______ (canary yellow precipitate); does not work for all alcohols or ketones and does not work also for water-insoluble compounds
IODOFORM
62
does not work for all alcohols or ketones and does not work also for water-insoluble compounds
IODOFORM TEST
63
used to detect the presence of GLYCEROL
ACROLEIN TEST
64
- a POLYHYDROXY ALCOHOL (TRIOL) obtained as a by-product from the manufacture of SOAP used as a MOISTURIZING AGENT in cosmetic formulations
- component of fats
GLYCEROL
65
ACROLEIN TEST:
POSITIVE RESULT
PUNGENT ACRID ODOR
66
ACROLEIN TEST:
when heated with ______________, glycerol is dehydrated to form propenal (acrolein)
POTASSIUM BISULFATE (KHSO4)
67
ACROLEIN TEST:
when heated with potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), __________ is dehydrated to form propenal (acrolein)
GLYCEROL
68
ACROLEIN TEST:
when heated with potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), glycerol is ________ to form propenal (acrolein)
DEHYDRATED
69
ACROLEIN TEST:
when heated with potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), glycerol is dehydrated to form ________ (acrolein)
PROPENAL
