EX 10 ALDEHYDES & KETONES Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

 organic compounds both containing a CARBONYL functional group (C=O)
 has two more bonds that may be occupied by HYDROGEN or ALKYL or ARYL substituents

ALDEHYDES & KETONES

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if ONE R is HYDROGEN

ALDEHYDE

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if BOTH R are NEITHER H

KETONE

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RCHO

ALDEHYDE

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RCOOR

KETONE

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a FUNGAL TOXIN

HELMINTHOSPORAL

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cinnamon bark

CINNAMALDEHYDE

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vanilla bean

VANILLIN

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lemongrass

CITRAL

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spearmint & caraway

CARVONE

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adrenal hormone

CORTISONE

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female sex hormone

PROGESTERONE

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male sex hormone

TESTOSTERONE

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musk deer

MUSCONE

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for inflammations
meter-dose inhalers

CORTICOSTEROIDS

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for inflammation of airways
B2 antagonist: DILATES (salbutamol)
Side effects:
weakens immune system
requires GARGLING w/ water after use

INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS

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if hindi mag gargle after using ICS, what will happen (oral white spots, opportunistic pathogen)

ORAL CANDIDIASIS / THRUSH

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 naturally occurring organic compounds, often combined with other functional groups
 can be found in plants, animals, and even microorganisms

ALDEHYDES & KETONES

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LARGELY RESPONSIBLE some of the shared physicochemical properties of aldehydes and ketones
a HIGHLY POLARIZED GROUP because of the GREATER ELECTRONEGATIVITY of the OXYGEN
as a result of this polarization, the carbonyl group is susceptible to nucleophilic attack

CARBONYL GROUP

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as a result of this polarization, the CARBONYL GROUP is susceptible to __________

NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACK

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the synthesis of aldehydes & ketones are through the ______ reaction of alcohols

OXIDATION

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_________ are oxidized to ALDEHYDES

PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

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____________ are oxidized to KETONES

SECONDARY ALCOHOLS

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acetone is also known as

PROPANONE

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detect the presence of carbonyl group

2,4-DNPH (BRADY'S) TEST

Brady’s reagent

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in methanol

2,4-DNPH (BRADY’S) TEST is named after

OSCAR BRADY

________ reaction; aldehyde reacts with 2,4-DNPH to form an aldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone while ketone reacts with to form a ketone 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

CONDENSATION RXN

POSITIVE RESULT of 2,4-DNPH (BRADY’S) TEST

aldehydes: YELLOW - ORANGE PPT ketones: RED - ORANGE PPT

used to determine if a compound is an ALDEHYDE or an ALIPHATIC METHYL KETONE

SODIUM BISULFITE TEST

POSITIVE RESULT of sodium bisulfite test

WHITE PPT

the ALDEHYDE or the METHYL KETONE reacts with sodium bisulfite by ___________ of the carbonyl group through nucleophilic attack; the bisulfite ion then attaches to the original carbonyl group to form the bisulfite addition compound

BREAKING THE PI BOND

the ALDEHYDE or the METHYL KETONE reacts with sodium bisulfite by breaking the pi bond of the carbonyl group through __________; the bisulfite ion then attaches to the original carbonyl group to form the bisulfite addition compound

NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACK

in SODIUM BISULFITE TEST, only _________ will yield POSITIVE RESULT

METHYL KETONES

used to DIFFERENTIATE aldehydes from ketones

SCHIFF'S TEST

Schiff’s reagent

sodium bisulfite with the organic dye pararosaniline hydrochloride

SCHIFF'S TEST is named after

HUGO SCHIFF

POSITIVE RESULT in SCHIFF'S TEST

MAGENTA RED SOLN

SCHIFF'S TEST: ________ of aldehyde to carboxylic acid; reaction involved is the same as explained in the sodium bisulfite test

OXIDATION

an oxidizing agent

SODIUM BISULFITE

in SCHIFF'S TEST, some ________ may also produce a color change but NOT A MAGENTA RED COLOR

KETONES

TOLLEN'S TEST is also known as

TOLLEN'S SILVER NITRATE TEST

fructose is also known as _____, making it an ALDEHYDE

LEVULOSE

used to DIFFERENTIATE ALDEHYDES from ketones

TOLLEN'S TEST

TOLLEN'S TEST is named after

BERNHARD TOLLENS

POSITIVE RESULT in TOLLEN'S TEST

SILVER MIRROR PPT

TOLLEN'S TEST: oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid; the _____________ is reduced to silver while producing the carboxylic acid-ammonium salt product

AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE

TOLLEN'S TEST: oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid; the ammoniacal silver nitrate is reduced to silver while producing the __________________ product

CARBOXYLIC ACID-AMMONIUM SALT

Tollens’ test can detect both ________ & ________

ALIPHATIC & AROMATIC ALDEHYDES

its AROMATIC NATURE makes it hard to be oxidized due to stability

benzaldehyde

Fehling’s A prepared by

conc. H2SO4 w/ aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate

Fehling’s B prepared by

NaOH w/ potassium tartrate

FEHLING'S TEST is named after

HERMANN VON FEHLING

POSITIVE RESULT in FEHLING'S TEST

BRICK RED PPT

FEHLING'S TEST: oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid; aldehyde reduces the cupric ions in complex with tartrate ions to cuprous ions; forming _________

CUPROUS OXIDE

FEHLING'S TEST: oxidation of aldehyde to _________; aldehyde reduces the cupric ions in complex with tartrate ions to cuprous ions; forming cuprous oxide

CARBOXYLIC ACID

- causes VASODILATION - decrease BP - used for hypertensive crisis

SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE

nitrates ae contraindicated with

sildenafil (viagra)

identify the presence of an ACETYL GROUP (CH3C=O)

SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE TEST

POSITIVE RESULT in SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE TEST

WINE RED SOLN

sodium nitroprusside test is also used in clinical tests to detect the presence of __________ in urine

ACETONE

sodium nitroprusside test is also used in clinical tests to detect the presence of acetone in _____

URINE

used to identify METHYL KETONES or SECONDARY ALCOHOLS adjacent to a methyl group

IODOFORM TEST

reagent in IODOFORM TEST

WAGNER'S REAGENT (iodine in potassium iodide WIKI)

POSITIVE RESULT in IODOFORM TEST

CANARY YELLOW PPT

this test is very specific test and it DOES NOT WORK FOR ALL KETONES and does not work also for WATER-INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS

IODOFORM TEST

SACCHARIDES ARE

SUGARS

general test for saccharides

MOLISCH'S TEST

MOLISCH'S TEST is named after

HANS MOLISCH

Molisch’s reagent

10% α-naphthol in 95% ethanol

POSITIVE RESULT in MOLISCH'S TEST

PURPLE RING AT THE JUNCTION OF 2 LAYERS

________ yield RAPID results while disaccharides react slower

MONOSACCHARIDES

monosaccharides yield rapid results while ___________ react SLOWER

DISACCHARIDES

sucrose + fructose + glucose

DISACCHARIDES

glucose only

MONOSACCHARIDES

specific test for PENTOSES (or carbohydrates with five carbon chain)

BIAL'S TEST

BIAL'S TETS is named after

MANFRED BIAL

in BIAL'S TEST, sugars are identified according to the _____________

of C atoms

POSITIVE RESULT IN BIAL'S TEST

BLUE SOLN

C2 attached w/ H

DNA

C2 attached w/ OH

RNA