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Oral Histology > Ex 2- Salivary Glands 1 > Flashcards

Ex 2- Salivary Glands 1 Flashcards

1
Q

An increased incidence of ________ is often seen in patients with reduced salivary flow

A

caries

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2
Q

What two conditions have particularly potent hypo salivation effects?

A

Head and neck radiotherapy

Sjogren’s syndrome

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3
Q

Salivary function can be tested by _________ the patient is injected intravenously with a radioactive compound that emits gamma radiation allowing it to be visible radiographically + it binds to Na-K-Cl membrane transport system of salivary and other glands

A

scintigraphy

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4
Q

Genetic abnormalities of major salivary glands are _____ and may involve _____ or ____ glands

A

rare
single
multiple

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5
Q

Salivary gland abnormalities may occur in isolation or with other developmental abnormalities of the ______ or ___ branchial arch (abnormalities of hair, nails, missing teeth, or deafness)

A

ectoderm

1st

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6
Q

The severity of the symptoms caused by salivary gland abnormalities is related to the ___ of glands involved and the _____ of abnormality- total lack of glands or function

A

number

type

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7
Q

In terms of salivary gland agenesis it is important to have _______ diagnosis and immediate measures to prevent ______

A

early

caries

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8
Q

What are the 7 functions of saliva?

A 
protection
buffering
tooth integrity
antimicrobial
tissue repair
digestion
taste
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9
Q

The major component of saliva is _______

A

water

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10
Q

________ are highly glycosylated glycoproteins that are viscous and largely responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface and providing a protective barrier. Also important for trapping bacteria and sugar, providing for their clearance

A

Mucins

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11
Q

Mucins trap and clear ______ and ______

A

bacteria

sugar

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12
Q

________ is secreted in saliva and serves an important function in buffering acids and maintaining the pH in the mouth

A

Bicarbonate

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13
Q

_____-____ ____ and _____ are calcium-binding proteins present in saliva; allow saliva to be super saturated with calcium and contribute to enamel maturation and remineralization (tooth integrity)

A

Proline-rich proteins

statherin

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14
Q

_______, ______, ______ , _____ and ____ contribute to the direct antimicrobial functions of saliva (anti-bacterial, anit-fungal, anti-viral capabilities)

A 
Lysozyme
peroxidase
defensins
histatins
IgA
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15
Q

Some evidence suggests that saliva secretes _______ ______ that can actively participate in tissue repair

A

growth factors
ie
(epidermal growth factor + nerve growth factor)

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16
Q

Saliva contributes to the digestive process in 2 ways: _______ provides lubrication critical for chewing and swallowing. Saliva contains _______ including amylase and lipase

A

Mucins

enzymes

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17
Q

_______ is an enzyme that begins to dissolve starch

A

Amylase

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18
Q

______ is an enzyme that breaks down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipase

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19
Q

Taste molecules must first be dissolved in the ______ in saliva so that they can be transported to the taste buds

A

water

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20
Q

Salivary glands are considered _______ glands secreting their discharge via a _____ to the epithelial surface

A

exocrine

duct

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21
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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22
Q

What is the normal daytime salivary flow rate?

A

.3-.4 ml/min

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23
Q

What is the normal daytime volume of saliva in the mouth?

A

0.8-1.1 ml: most of it is a thin film that coats the mucosa + teeth

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24
Q

During sleep, saliva flow rates ______

A

decrease

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25
Q

What are the minor salivary glands?

A 
von Ebner's gland
labial
palatal
buccal
lingual
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26
Q

The parotid gland contributes ___%, submandibular ___%, Sublingual ___-___% and minor glands ___-___%

A

60
25
7-8
7-8

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27
Q

The parotid gland is a pure _____ gland that secretes a watery saliva and main source of the enzyme ________

A

serous

amylase

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28
Q

The sublingual and submandibular glands are _____ glands

A

mixed (serous/mucous)
submandibular mostly serous
sublingual mostly mucous

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29
Q

Von Ebner’s glands are pure ______ and source of lingual lipase

A

serous

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30
Q

The other minor salivary glands are pure _____ glands that are the major source of ______

A

mucous

mucins

31
Q

The ________ gland sits superficial to the caudal end of the masseter muscle and discharges saliva thru Stenson’s duct opposite the 2nd max molar

A

Parotid

32
Q

The ________ gland’s anterior end wraps around the caudal end of the mylohyoid muscle and the duct travels superficially to empty into the oral cavity via Wharton’s duct on the lingual frenum

A

submandibular

33
Q

The _________ gland empties into a series of ducts on the sublingual fold behind Wharton’s called Bartholin’s + Rivinus’s ducts

A

sublingual

34
Q

What are the 2 things that make up saliva glands?

A

stroma + parenchyma

35
Q

The ______ serves a supporting role, forming the capsule and organizing the gland into lobes.

A

stroma

36
Q

The ______ do the characteristic work of a given gland; making saliva and discharging it to it’s final destination.

A

parenchyma

37
Q

The stroma is made up of ______ ______ and the parenchyma is made up of ______

A

connective tissue

epithelium

38
Q

______ divide glands into lobes (major, larger divisions) and lobules (minor, smaller division)

A

Septa

39
Q

The ______ contains fibroblasts, blood vessels (supply parenchyma), nerve fibers (supply parenchyma), plasma cells (secrete antibiodies), and fat cells (inc w/ age)

A

stroma

40
Q

The major cell type in salivary gland stroma is the _______ which makes ______, the major component of the EC matrix

A

fibroblast

collagen

41
Q

What are the 2 main components of the parenchyma?

A 
secretory portion (acini)
ducts
42
Q

The _____ are composed of individual acinar or secretary cells and these are the cells that make saliva

A

acini

43
Q

What are the 2 main types of acinar cells? Which make up the 3 types of secretory endpieces

A

serous

mucous

44
Q

Acini open into a series of ____ which get progressively larger

A

ducts

45
Q

What are the 3 types of ducts?

A

Intercalated
Striated (secretory)
Excretory (collecting)

46
Q

During the ___th embryonic week the salivary glands being development

A

6

47
Q

What is the order in which salivary glands being to develop?

A
  1. Parotid (6 IU)
  2. submandibular (6 IU)
  3. sublingual (8-12 IU)110 W Market St
    Washington Court House, Ohio 43160
  4. minor (2-3 months)
48
Q

The parenchmya, both acini + ducts, develop from ______ or ______

A

ectoderm

endoderm

49
Q

The connective tissue stroma is developed from ______ _____

A

neural crest

50
Q

The initiation of salivary glands development begins with a thickening of the _______ or _______, then the formation of an epithelial bud. Important signals are exchanged btw epithelial and mesenchymal compartments

A

ectoderm

endoderm

51
Q

Once a single salivary bud branches they branch ______ and ______. Then the part of the branching structure that will ultimately become the ____ “hollows out” in a process known as _______

A

again
again
ducts
cavitation

52
Q

Before branching occurs, each cell is joined to its neighbors by cell adhesion molecules expressed on adjoining cell surfaces an important molecule is __-______

A

e-cadherin

53
Q

Cells _____ the expression of adhesion molecules and _______ ecadherin where clefting occurs

A

redirect

suppress

54
Q

One critical molecule that is important for clefting to occur is ______

A

BTBDR (cleftin); siRNA’s were used to inhibit it

55
Q

Cleftin is induced by the extracellular matrix molecule, ________ which interacts with receptors on membranes of salivary gland cells

A

fibronectin

56
Q

What are the 2 actions of cleftin that both take place within the cell?

A
  1. Suppresses expression of E-cadherin

3. Upregulates snail2

57
Q

Snail2 a TF promotes a change in ____ _____, coupled with loss of e-cadherin allows for gaps to form, promoting ______

A

cell shape

clefting

58
Q

Cleftin suppresses the expression of __-_____

A

e-cadherin

59
Q

The ______ are made up of saliva secreting cells and these empty into a series of ______

A

acini

ducts

60
Q

_____ secrete saliva and the ____ secrete but also _______ certain components present in the salivary secretion

A

Acini
ducts
resorb

61
Q

The primary secretion or primary saliva is ______, ions, including both sodium and chloride

A

water

62
Q

The primary secretion/saliva is ______

A

isotonic

63
Q

Acinar cells _____ water permeable while ducts are _____ water permeable

A

are

not

64
Q

Ducts resorb ____ and ____. They also secrete few proteins like _______

A

sodium and chloride

bicarbonate

65
Q

Secondary secretion/saliva is _________

A

hypotonic

66
Q

Saliva secretion is under ______ control

A

neural

ANS (parasympathetic + sympathetic)

67
Q

CN __ & ___ are involved in salivary gland innervation

A

7 & 9

68
Q

Sympathetic supply of salivary glands originate in cell bodies in the _____ of the spinal cord and send axons to superior cervical ganglion (postsynaptic)

A

IML

69
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______ secretion. NE binds to GCPR which activates AC, upregulating cAMP which activates PKA. PKA phosphorylates secretory granules relaesing proteins

A

protein

70
Q

Activation of the sympathetic system alone produces a ______ laden, viscous secretion that is not _______

A

protein

voluminous

71
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______ secretion and therefore accounts for the ______ of saliva

A

fluid

volume

72
Q

Acetylcholine is release during parasympathetic innervation binds to GCPR coupled with phospholiase C which liberates IP3 and Ca 2+. Inc Ca2+ opens a _______ channel driving ____ from the cell. Inc in ___ in lumen creates electrical gradient that draws ____ and ____ via paracellular pathway

A 
chloride
chloride
chloride
sodium
water
73
Q

In salivary glands _____ is maintained at high concentration intracellulary by an energy-requiring ion pump

A

chloride

Oral Histology (16 decks)

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