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Oral Histology > Ex 1- Pulp > Flashcards

Ex 1- Pulp Flashcards

1
Q

The dental _____ is the soft connective tissue that supports dentin

A

pulp

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2
Q

Pulp is unique as a tooth tissue because it is ______ and NOT _____

A

vascular

NOT calcified

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3
Q

The embryonic origin of dental pulp is _________

A

ectoderm: neural crest ectomesenchyme- dental papilla

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4
Q

What are the constituents of dental pulp?

A

cells + cellular elements
blood + lymphatic vessels
Extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What are the 5 functions of the pulp?

A 
Inductive
Formative
Nutritive
Protective
Defense/Reparative
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6
Q

Pulp provides nutrients like _____ that keeps dentin moist

A

fluid

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7
Q

What are the two functions of the protective nature of pulp?

A 
sensory
barrier (odontoblast junctions, positive pressure)
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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the defensive/reparative nature of pulp?

A

immune

formation of new dentin + pulp

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9
Q

______ or lateral foramina can promote the spread of infection

A

accessory

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10
Q

The size of the pulp chamber _____ with age b/c of the continuous deposition of dentin throughout life

A

decreases

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11
Q

Cells of the pulp _______ with age and EC matrix of the pulp _____ with age

A

decrease

increase

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12
Q

Pulp becomes more _______ with age

A

fibrous

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13
Q

Pulp is not “normally” calcified but ______ calcifications are common

A

ectopic

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14
Q

What are the 2 forms of ectopic calcifications?

A

pulp stones

diffuse calcifications

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15
Q

Pulp stones are found in the _______ _______

A

pulp chamber near crown

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16
Q

Diffuse calcifications are found near the _____ of the tooth bc calcifications become more diffuse as you move apically

A

root

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17
Q

Large + dense pulp stones can be visible _________

A

radiographically

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18
Q

What are the two main histologic organizations in the pulp?

A
  • -odontogenic zone (where odontoblasts are- surround central core)
  • -central core
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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the odontogenic zone?

A
  • odontoblast layer
  • cell free zone
  • cell rich zone
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20
Q

_____ are found in the cell rich zone and are the most common cells of the pulp

A

fibroblasts

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21
Q

What are found in the pulp core (central core)?

A

fibroblasts
capillaries/arterioles/venules
nerves (perineural sheaths)

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22
Q

What are the 5 general cells found in the pulp?

A 
odontoblasts
fibroblasts
immune system cells
inflammatory cells 
stem cells
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23
Q

_______ cells are confined to the pulp and secrete ECM

A

Fibroblasts

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24
Q

What are the 4 resident immune system cells found in the pulp?

A

macrophage
lymphocytes
eosinophils
dendritic cells

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25
Q

What are the 3 inflammatory cells found in the pulp?

A

plasma cells
mast cells
pmn’s

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26
Q

_____ cells are the source of replacement odontoblasts or fibroblasts

A

stem

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27
Q

______ cells are found at the pulp dentin border and detect bacterial antigens

A

dendritic

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28
Q

What are the 3 main components of the extracellular matrix of pulp?

A
  1. PG’s + Associates (GAGs)
  2. Glycoproteins
  3. Collagen I + III
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29
Q

The main function of the _____ and _______ is matrix for diffusion, collagen fibrillogenesis and water retention

A

PG’s + Associates (GAGs)

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30
Q

_______ ______ function of PG’s keeps high positive pressure of pulp (keeps dentin wet)

A

water retention

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31
Q

________ function in having a role in cell adhesion (odontoblasts + fibroblasts) to ECM

A

Glycoproteins

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32
Q

_______ ___ & ___ function in giving the extracellular matrix tensile stength

A

collagen I + III

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33
Q

What are some similarities between pulp and dentin?

A

collagen type I

PG’s present

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34
Q

What are some differences between pulp and dentin?

A

dentin has dentin phosphoprotein

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35
Q

_____ cells have a high capacity for self-renewal and are multi-potent (can generate multiple cell types_

A

stem

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36
Q

Stem cells are ______ during development but also _____ in adults

A

plentiful

present

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37
Q

______ adult stem cells are derived from a list of things including dental _______

A

multipotent

dental pulp

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38
Q

The extent of _____ (cells ability to develop into many diff types of cells) and ability of stem cells to develop into _____ structures is more than originally thought

A

plasticity

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39
Q

What are the clinical implications of adult stem cells in teeth?

A
  • repair or correction of genetic defects

- regenerating organs (pulp)

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40
Q

Dental pulp stem cells can be induced to form _____, _____, and _____ _____cells in vitro

A

odontoblasts
adipocytes
glial-like

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41
Q

Dentin-like tissue from human dental pulp stem cells were transplanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice and ____ ___ complex formed

A

dentin-pulp

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42
Q

Stem cell niches probably present in ______ locations of mature pulp

A

multiple

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43
Q

________ are unique to pulp and are the ____ most numerous cell type in pulp

A

Odontoblasts

2nd

44
Q

What are the functions of odontoblasts?

A

Dentinogenesis
Nutrients to dentin
Immune

45
Q

Odontoblast processes extend into _____ ______ but not to the DEJ

A

dentinal tubules

46
Q

Cell bodies of odontoblasts become more ______ toward the root of the tooth

A

cuboid

47
Q

Odontoblast processes become _____ as you move apically

A

thinner

48
Q

Odontoblasts contain _______ elements for protein transport and structural integrity. ______ provide protein transport and _____ provide structural integrity

A

cytoskeletal
microtubules
filaments

49
Q

_____ and _____ junctions btw odontoblasts maintain position and polarity at pulp dentin border

A

Desmosomes + Adherens junctions

50
Q

_____ junctions btw odontoblasts coordinate dentinogensis (cell communication- allow passage of molecules btw cells)

A

Gap

51
Q

_____ junctions btw odontoblasts act as a barrier at the pulp dentin border, not allowing larger molecules to pass through (no diffusion)

A

Tight

52
Q

Functional assays with HRP injections assessed the tight junction barrier at the odontoblast layer and suggested that ______ molecules were able to pass btw adjacent molecules but _____ molecules were unable to pass through at the pulp dentin border

A

smaller

larger

53
Q

Cavity preparations _______ the strength of tight junctions so HRP injections were seen within _____ _____

A

decrease

dentinal tubules

54
Q

Pulp is _____ vascularized and also has a ______ system

A

highly

lymphatic

55
Q

Pulp is distinguished from other tooth tissues because of the presence of ______ and ______ vessels

A

blood and lymphatic

56
Q

Blood flow in the pulp is under ______ control

A

neural

57
Q

Sympathetic innervation ______ the blood flow to the pulp and involves alpha-adrenergic receptors (norepinephrine)

A

constricts (different than rest of body)

58
Q

Parasympathetic innervation _______ the blood flow to the pulp

A

not really involved in blood flow to the pulp

59
Q

_______ innervation to the pulp results in vasodilation of blood vessels

A

sensory

60
Q

Lymphatic vessels of the pulp are important in ______. They drain _____ accumulated during inflammation

A

healing

proteins

61
Q

Lymphatic vessels in pulp may have a ______ anatomy to overcome challenges associated with encasement in a hard tissue and ______ in the periphery

A

complex

branch

62
Q

Tooth pulp is ______ innervated

A

highly

63
Q

What types of nerve fibers does pulp contain?

A

A delta
A beta
C

64
Q

__ ______ nerve fibers are sensory pain fibers

A

A delta

65
Q

___ nerve fibers are sensory pain fibers and sympathetic

A

C

66
Q

___ _____ nerve fibers are sensory pain fibers and light touch

A

A beta

67
Q

_____ is the main sensation arising from activating nerve fibers innervating the pulp (and surrounding dentin)

A

PAIN

68
Q

Innervation beings at the _____ stage

A

Bell

69
Q

Initiation -> ____ stage -> cap stage -> ____ stage ->dentinogenesis ->______ -> eruption -> mature

A

bud
bell
amelogenesis

70
Q

Density of innervation _______ until eruption and more slowly until a few years after eruption

A

increases

71
Q

Are primary and secondary dentition both innervated?

A

YES

72
Q

Nerves enter the tooth through _____ foramen and terminate in the ____-_____ border zone and _____

A

apical
pulp-dentin
dentin

73
Q

Odontoblast processes and nerves extend ___/___ of the way into dentin according to the dye I injection experiment

A

1/3

74
Q

Early in dentinogenesis odontoblastic processes reach _____ dentin and later they _____

A

outer

retract

75
Q

Dentinal tubules are most highly innervated in the ____

A

crown

76
Q

Nerve fibers terminate throughout the ___-_____ border zone

A

pulp-dentin

77
Q

____plexus is a highly innervated region along the pulp-dentin border

A

Rashkow’s

78
Q

Nerve fibers profusely innervate the _____ -____ border zone

A

pulp-dentin

79
Q

_____ ______ of dentinal pain accounts for the high sensitivity of the DEJ to exposure and accounts for the varied sensitivity of exposed dentin

A

Hydrodynamic theory

80
Q

Hydrodynamic theory of dentinal pain says that sensitivity causes ____ movement that _____nerve fiber endings causing action potentials that cause pain

A

fluid

stretches

81
Q

Exposed _____ _____ are highly sensitive to pain

A

dentinal tubules

82
Q

What experiment was used to support the hydrodynamic theory?

A

premolars destined for extraction were drilled and acid-etched to open the tubules and a tube was sealed into the cavity attached to a saline-filled syringe and manometer and tested positive and negative pressure

83
Q

Both positive and negative pressure produced ______

A

pain

84
Q

__ ______ and __ ____fibers are hypothesized to be pulp nerve fibers important for dydrodynamic/dentinal pain

A

A beta

A delta

85
Q

What is the theory for dentinal pain with the strongest evidence>

A

hydrodynamic theory

86
Q

Odontoblast receptor theory of dentinal pain is highly ____ but the odontoblast probably functions in other ways to affect dentinal ______

A

unlikely

sensitivity

87
Q

_____ in the tubule is due to presence of odontoblast + nerve fiber affects fluid dynamics

A

Crowding

88
Q

______ -_____ communication is possible- adhesive contacts could cause odonotblasts to “pull on” the nerve fiber

A

non-synaptic

89
Q

Pain in the pulp can also arise _____ from stimuli in the pulp (hydrodynamic fluid flow NOT required)

A

directly

90
Q

___ fibers have ___ (transmembrane receptors) receptors for inflammatory and _____ stimuli

A

C
TRP
thermal

91
Q

______ is activated by many inflammatory mediators

A

TRPA1

92
Q

Multiple types of nerve fibers + receptors underlie ____ from the tooth interior (pulp + dentin)

A

pain

93
Q

Dentinal stimuli -> hydrodynamic forces -> A ___ + A ____ fibers –> _____ pain

A

A beta
A delta
sharp

94
Q

A beta + A delta fibers (stretch sensitive receptors) are found in _______ tubules + most _______ pulp

A

dentinal

superficial

95
Q

electric pulp + hot + cold tests for pulp vitality easily activate A ____ fibers

A

delta

96
Q

Infection or Trauma -> Inflammation (cytokines, prostglandins, brandykinin, inc pressure) -> ___ fibers –> ____ pain

A

C

dull pain

97
Q

C fibers are found in ____ only, _____ and ____ layers

A

pulp
superficial
deep

98
Q

Electric pulp + hot + cold tests for pulp vitality are _____ effective in activating these C fibers

A

less

99
Q

Tooth nerve sensitivity can change under conditions of _______ .

A

inflammation

100
Q

Increase of pain receptors can occur during ________

A

inflammation

101
Q

______ are present in dentinal + pulp sensory nerves

A

Neuropeptides

102
Q

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body of the ________ ganglion in the PNS (outside the brain)

A

trigeminal

103
Q

_____ function occurs at the central endings of neuropeptides when peptides bind w/ receptors on brain neurons producing ______

A

Transmitter

pain

104
Q

Local regulatory functions occur at _____ endings in the tooth when peptides bind w/ receptors on vasculatrature/ local cells producing _____-_______ effects

A

peripheral

pro-inflammatory

105
Q

Sensory (pain) nerves have ____- ______ and _____ funciton

A

pro-inflammatory

immune

106
Q

What are the 4 functions of the sensory (pain) nerves?

A
  • Vasodilation (oppose sympathetics)
  • Plasma extravastion
  • Angiogensis
  • Interactions with immune cells
107
Q

Sensory (pain) nerves interact with immune cells by stimulating ______ production by macrophages and ______ effects on immune cell migration

A

cytokine

chemotactic

Oral Histology (16 decks)

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