EWS Pre-requisite Flashcards
ambush
a surprise attack from a concealed position on a moving/temporaily haulted enemy
attack by fire
fires (direct/indirect) into the physical domain to engage the enemy from a distance to destory, fix, neutralize, or suppress
block
- deny enemy access
- prevent their advance along an avenue of approach
- prevent passage through an engagement area
breach
break throuhg/secure a passage through an obstacle
bypass
tyo maneuver around to maintain momemtum of an operation while deliberately avoiding combat with the enemy
canalize
to restrict enemy movement into a narrow zone by the use of existing or reinforcing obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver
contain
to stop, hold, surround enemy or cause the enemy to center activity on a given front and prevent the withdrawl of any part of hte enbemy’s force for use elsewhere
corrupt
to change, debase, or otherwise alter information from its original/correct for m or version by intentionally introducing errors or altercations, thereby rendering it useless
deceive
to manipulate the enemy into believing/acting upon something that is not true for a selected period of time and/or at a particular location to create a frienldy advantage
defeat
to disrupt or nullify the enemy CDR’s plan and overcome the will to fight. thus, the enemy is unwilling/unable to persue the COA . msut yeild to friendly CDR’s will
degrade
to dimnish the effectiveneess or efficiency of an enemy’s C@ system and/or information colelction effors or means
- lower the moral of an enemy unit
- reduce a target’s worth/value
- impair an enemy’s decisoin making capacity
deny
to hinder/prevent the ebemy from using terrain, space, personnel, supplies, facilities, specific capacities
destroy
to physically render the enemy force combat ineffective or unable to be restored to a usualble condition
difference between defeat and destroy
destruction of the enemy force normally leads to their defeat but defeat does not necessarily require destruction
disrupt
break apart an enemy’s formation and tempo, interrupt the enemy’s timetable, cause premature commitment or piecemealing of enemy forces. inflict damage over the short term to specific facets of hte system’s operation
exploit
to employ, to the greatest possible advantage, the success achieved in a military operation of enbemy information that has come into friendly hands
feint
contact with the enemy to deceive the enemy about hte location/time of the actual main offenseive action
fix
prevent the enemy from moving any part of its forces (from a specific location of for a specific period of time) by holding or surrounding them to prevent their withdrawl for use elsewhere
problem of fixing
fixing an enemy doesn’t mean destorying it. however, the friendly force has to prevent the enemy from moving in any direction which can be resource intensive
influence
to cause an enemy to behave in a manner favorable to friendly forces
interdict
to divert, disrupt, delay, or destory the enemy’s surface military potential before it can be used effectively against frneldy forces
isolate
to seal off (physically & psychologically) an enemy from its sources of support, deny them freedom of movement, and prevent that enemy force from having contact with other enemy forces
neutralize
render an enemy/their resources/target ineffective or unusuable. thereby degrading the nemy’s capability fo accomplish its mission
penetrate
to break through the enemy’s defense and disrupt their defensive system
reconnoiter
to obtain, by visual observation or other methods, information about hte activities an dresources of an enemy/adversary
support by fire
movement to a position where the maneuver force can engage the enemy by direct fire in support of another maneuvering force
suppress
transient or tempoarty degradation of an oposiing force or the performance of a weapons system belo0w the level needed to fill mission objectives
clear
to remove enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance in an assigned zone, area, or location by destorying, capturing, or forcing the withdrawl of enemy forces that could interfere with the unit’s abilityto accomplish teh mission
cordon
to precvent an enemy’s units withdrawl from or reinforcement to a posiotn
occupy
to move to an objective, key terrain, or other manmade or natural area without opposition and control the entire area
control
to maintain physical influence by occupation or rang eof weaon systems over the activities or access in a defined area
retain
to occupy and hold a terrain feature to ensure it is free of enemy occupation or use
how is “seize” different from “occupy”
seizure occurs in teh face of enemy opposition
secure
to gain possession of a position, terrain feature, piece of infrastructure, or civil asset w or w/o force. and prevent itsw descruction of loss by enemy action. the attacking forces may or may not have to physically occupy the area
cover
to conduct offensive/defensive action independent of hte main body to protect the covered force and develop the situation
disengage
to break contact with the enemy and move to a point where the enemy cannot observe or engage friendly forces by direct fire
displace
to leave one position to take another while remaining in contact with the enemy
difference between displace and disengage
units disengage to breake contact with the enemy
units displace to continue the mission/execute alternative missions
exfiltrate
to remove personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth
follow and assume
a second committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission if the lead force is fixed, atttrited, or unable to continue
NOT a reserve but is prepared to exeucte all mission of the unit they follow
second committed force who follows a force conducting an offensive operation and will continue the mission if something happens to the lead force
“follow and assume”
NOT considered a reserved force
follow and ___
…assume: follows and is prepared to take over as the lead offense if something hapens to the main force
…support: supports to followed unit creates the conditions to allow lead element to succeed
follow and support
- committed force that follows the lead force and supports them
- NOT a reserve force
- NOT able to take over and lead the mission if the main force fails
- they act to create the conditions necessary so the lead element continues its sucess (clears obstacles, controlls dislocated civillians, destorys bypassed elemnets, blocks enemy movement/reinformcements)
guard
to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information
protect
to prevent observation by engagement with or interference from an adversarial/enemy force, system, capability, location
screen
to observe, idnetify, and report informaiton
0 only fights in self protectino
advise
to improve the individual/unit capabilities/capacities via development of personal/professional relathiops
assess the population
to evaluate the nature, situation, andd attitudes of a designated population or elements of a population
assist
to provide designated support or sustainment capabilities to HN security forces to enable them to complete their mission
control
to use physical control measures/information operations to influence elments of the population or designated actors to respond as desired
exclude
to prevent/hault elements of a population or designated party from entering/projecting physical influence into a defined area
influence
to persuade locals within OE to support, cooperate with, or at least accept the friendly force prsence, and to dissuade the locals from interfering w/operatinos
hand over civil government and security respnosibilitys from friendly force military authoriteis to legitimate civil authorities
transition to civil control
cognitive bias
systematic pattern of deviation from rationality
illusion of transparency
cognitive bias
- we believe our thoghts/emotions are more apparent to others than they actuallky are
how do cognitive biases influence it
how we form memories, shape believes, connect to others, search for/evaluate/interpret/judge/use/remember information and make decisions
why is it important to understand cognitive biases
b/c they have such a pervasive influence, influence how we search for/use/evaluate/intrepret/judge/remember information, how we form memories, shape our beliefs
**imperfect way to process information/make decisions
- primarily result b/c we have a tenency to use mental shortcuts that allow us to think faster but alsmo make mistakes
bounded rationality
idea that our decision-makng ability is constrained by teh limitations on our cognitive system, types of information we have to process, and time amount that we have to process it
satisficing
cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an aceptable threshold is met
how do we make decisions in bounded rationality
we make decisions that aren’t neceswsarily optimal, since, instead of looking for the best solution that is available for a certain problem, we generally tend to look for a solutin that is preceived to be good enough
heuristics
mental shortcuts that help us quickly reach a “good enough” solution
2 main cognitive systems
System 1” “intuitive processing”. fast, automatic, effortless
System 2: conscious rasoning. slow, controlled, effortful
overkill effect
cognitive bias where people reject explainations that they perceive are too complex. this happens b/c people generally prefer information that is easy for them to process from a cognitiv eperspectiver
backfire effect
cognitive bias that causes people to strengthen their support of their preexisting beliefs when they encounter eveidence that shows those beliefs are wrong. this occurs b/c people argue strongly against unwelcome infomration, they end up with more arguments that support their original stance
bandwagon effect
cognitive bias that causes people to do something becaus ethey believe others are doing the same thing
- this occurs bc peopel feel a need to conform and act in accordance with others. people often rely on other people’s judgment when deciding how to act
gambler’s fallacy
cognitive bias that causs people to mistakenly believe that if something happens more frequently than normal during a given time period, then it will happen less frequently in teh future. this is b/c people believe short sequences of random independent events should be representative of a longer sequence of events
rosy retrospection
cogntive bias that causes people to remember past events as being more pleasant/positive than they were in reality.
spotlight effect
cognitive bias tha tcauses people to think that they are being observed and noticed by others more than they actually are. this occurs b/c people naturally see everything from their own POV so they struggle to accurately judge how they look through theeyes of others
wide scale impact of the bandwagon effect
people conform to the attitudes of others. influencesw th way we make decision, form our beliefs, way in which we shape or social behavior
confirmation bias
cognitive bias that causes people to search for, favor, interpret, an drecall information in a way that conforms preexisting beliefs. can affect the way we acquire new infomration, evaluate different choices, and remember old infomration
representativeness heuristic
heuristic that cuases people to focus on how representative someone/something is of a particular class when assessing the likelihood that they belong to that class. this occurs b/c focusing on representativeness allows people to quickly assessthe situation an reach a roughly correct conclusion w/o dealing with complex background infomration
digital amnesia
tendency to forget infomraiton that is readily available via search engines. we do not commit this infomraiton to our memory b/c we know this infomration is easy to access
anchoring
the first thing you judge influences your judgement of all that follows
sunk cost fallacy
you irrationally cling to things that have already cost you somethin
confirmation bias
you look for ways to justify your existing belief
“the first principle is that you must not fool yourself-and you are the easiest persion to fool”
Dunning-Kruger Effect
the more you know, the less confident you ar elikely to belive.
backfire effect
when your core beliefs are challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly
barnum effect
you see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in the gap (psychics do this)
framing effect
you allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context/delivery
declinism
cogntive bias where you remember the past as better than it was and expect the future to be worse than it will be.
nostalgia
just world hypothesis
cognitive your preference for a just world makes you persume that it exists
fundamental attribution error
cognitive bias where you judge others on their character but yourself on the situation
halo effect
cognitive bis where how much you like someone/how attractive they are influences your other judgments of htem
in-group bias
you unfairly favor those who belong in your gruop
bystander effect
you persume someone else will act in an emergency
availability heuristic
your judgements are influenced by what springs most easily to mind
curse of knowledge
once you understand something you persume it to be obvious for everyone else
self-servng bias
you believe your failures are due to external factors yet your personally responsible for your success
belief bias
if a conclusion supports your existing belief, you’ll rationalize antying to support it
(useful to ask “when and how did I get this belief”
groupthink
cognitive bas where you let the social dynamics of a group situation override the best outcomes
optimism bias
you overestimate the likelihood of pouitive outcomes
pessimism bias
you overestimate the likelihood of nagativ eoutcomes
negativity bias
you allow negative things to disproprorately influence your thining
reactance
cognitive bias where you’d rather do the opposite of what someone is trying to make your do
spotlight effect
you overestimate how much people notice how you look/act
0 prejudice.
anchoring cognitive bias
“focalism”. tendency to rely too heavily on one trait/piece of infomration. usually the first piece of infomration acquired on the subject
common source bias
cognitive bias where you combine/compare research studies from the same sources or from ones that use the same methodologies or data
conservatism bias
tendency to insufficiently revise one’s beliefs when presented with new infomraiton
functional fixedness
cognitive bias where you limit yoursel fto using an object in the only way it is traditionally used
law of hte instrument
cogntiive bias where an overreliance on a familiar tool/method makes you ignore/under-value alternative approaches “if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like nails”
apophenia
cognitive bias where you tend to perceive meaninful connections betwen unrelated things
clustering illusion
cognitive bias where you overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (seeing phantom patterns)
illusory correlation
cognitive bias wher eyou have a tendency to inaccurately perceive a relationship betwene 2 unrelated events
pareidolia
cogntive bias wher you perceive a vague/random stimulus (image/sound) as significant
- seeing images in clouds/turtle sheells, main int eh moon, hearing non-existent missage son records plaaye din reverse
availability bias
heuristic to overestimate the likeihood of event swith greater availability in memory
anthropormorphism
cognitive bias where you characterize animals/objects/abstract concepts as having human-like traits/emotions/intentions
attention bias
cognitive bias where perception is affected by recurring thoughts
Baader-Meinholf phemenon
illusion where something that has recently come to one’s attention suddenly seems to appear with improbable frequency shortly after
salience bias
cognitie bias wher eyou focus on things that are more prominent/emotionally striking and ignore those are unremarkable even though the difference is often irrelevant by objective standards
selection bias
cognitive bias where members of a statistical sample are not chosen completely at random so the sample isn’t truly representative of hte population
survivorship bias
cognitive bias where you concentrate on people/things that surved some process and inadvertly ignore those that did not b/c the lack of visibility
normalcy bias
cform of cogntive dissonance. refusal to plan for/react to a disaster tha has never happened before
Ben Franklin effect
cogntive bias where a person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they ould be if they had RECEIVED a favor from that person
IKEA effect
cognitive bias where poeple place a disproportiately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves regardless of the quality of the end product
effort justification
cognitive bias where a peson’s tendency to attribute greater value into a outcome if they had put effort into achieving it. can result in giving it more value than it actually has
congruence bias
tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing instead of testing possible alternaive hypothesis
expectation bias
cognitive bias wher eexperimenters believe/certify/publis data that agrees with their expectations for the outcome of hte experiment and to disbelieve/discard/downgrad eth corrsponding weighing for data that conflicts with their expectaion
observer-expectancy effect
cognitive bias where a researcher expects a given result and unconsciously manipulates an experiment/misinterprets data in order to find it
selective perception
cognitive bias where tendency for expectations affects perception
egocentric bias
tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own pespective oand or/ have a different perceptiion in relative to others
bias blind spot
tendency to see onself as less biased than other people or to be able to identify more cogntive biases in others than in onself
false consensus effect
cognitive bias where people overestimates the degree to which other gagree iwth them
faluse uniquenes sbias
cognitive bias where peole see their projects/themselves asmore singular than they are
Barnum effect
cognitive bias where people give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of hteir personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them but are in fact vague an dgeneral enough to apply to a wide variety ope peopel. astrology/personality tests/fortune telling
illusion of control
cognitive bias where you overestimate one’s degree of influence over external events
illusion of transparency
cognitive bia where people overestimate degree to which their personal mental health is known to others and to know the mental status of others
illusion of validity
cognitive bias wher eyou overestimate the accuracy of one’s judgments, especialy when available infomraiton is consistent or intercorrelated
Lake Wobegon effect
illusion superiority cogntive bias. tendency oto overestimate one’s desirable qualities and underestimate undesirable qualitys relaive to others
naive cynicism
cognitive bias where you expect more egocentrial bias in others than oneself
naive ralism
cognitive bias that we see reality as it really is. objectively and without bias. that the facts are plan for all to see and that rational peopel will agree with us while those who don’t are uninformed, lazy, irrational, biased
overconfidence effect
cognitive bias wher people have excessi e confidence in their own answers to questions
planning fallacy
cognitive bias where poeple underestimate the time it will take them to complete a task
restraint bias
tendency to overestimate one’s ability to show restraint in teh face of temptation
third-person effect
cogntive bias where you believe mass-community media messages have a greater effect on others thamn themselves
trait ascription bias
cogntive bias where people vie w themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as more perdictable
base rate fallacy
tendency to ignore general infomration and focus on infomration only pertaining ot the specific case even when the general information is more important
compassion fade
fallacy wherepeole behave more compassionately towards a small number of identifiable victimns than to a large number of anonymous ones
hyperbolic discounting
cogntive bias where people have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs versus later payoffs. people make choices today that their future self would prefer not to have been made (in one study, people made food choices now versus 1 wk from now. most choose fruit for one week later but chocolate for now)
insensitivty to sample size
cognitiv ebias where you under-expect variation in small samples
neglect of probability
cogntive bias where you completely disregard probability when making a decision under certainty
scope neglect
cognitivebias where you are insensitive to the size to the problem when evaluating it
zero-risk bias
cognitve bias where you preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a much larger risk
automation bias
cognitive bias where you depend excessively on automated systems which can lead to mkistakes overriding correct dision
decoy effect
fallacy where where preferences for either option A or B change in favor of option B when option C is presented, which is completely dominated by option B (inferior in all respects) and partially dominated by option
default effect
tendency to favor the efault onption when given the choice between severation options
distinction bias
tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simulataneously than when evaluating them separately
sunk cost fallacy
people justify increased investment in a decision based on cumulatative prior investment despite new evience showing the decision was initially wrong
GI Joe Fallacy
tendency to think that knowing about cognitive biases is enoguht to overcome it
Gambler’s Fallacy
tendency to think that future probabilities are influenced by past events when they really arent. “erroneous conceptiualization of the law of large numbers
hot hand fallacy
belief that a person who has experienced success with a random event has a greater chance of further success in additional attempts
zero-sum game
one person gainis at the expense of another
ambiguity effect
cognitive bias where you tend to avoid optiosn for which the prbability of a favorable outcome is unknwn
endowment effect
cognitive bias where peple tend to demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it
pseudocertainty effect
tendency to make risk-adverse choices if the expected outcome is positive by make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes
status quo bias
tendency to perfer for htings to remaint he same
Dunning-Kruger effect
tendency for unskilled to overestimate their own ability and experts to underestimate their own ability
hot-cold empathy gap
cogntive bias where oyu underestimate the influence of visceral drivs on one’s attitudes/preferences/behavor
illusion of exploratory depth
tendency to believe one unestands a topic much better than they arctually do.
hard-easy effect
cogntive bias where ou overestimate ability to perfomr hard tasks and underestimate ability to perform easy tasks
belief bias
effect where someone’s evluation of a logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of that conflusion
illusory truth effect
tendency tobelieve that if a statement is true if it is easier to process or if ias been stated multiple times regardles sof its actual truth
rhyme as reason effect
cognitive bias where rhyming statements are perceived to be true
subjective validation
cognitive bias wher estatemnets are perceived as true if the subject’s belief is that it i strue
curse of knowledge
cognitive bias where better informed pepole find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of less infomred
action bias
tendency fo rsomeone to act when faced with a prblem even when inaction would be more effective or to act when not evident problem exists
“i knew it all along” effect
hindsight bias
hungry judge effect
The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one’s judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.
moral credential effect
occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission tobe less good in the future
mere exposure effect
cognitive bias where people express an undue liking for things merely b/c they are familiar with it
ostrich effect
ignorign an obvious negative situation
outcome bias
cognitive bias where you judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of the quality of hte decision at the time it was made
present bias
fallacy where people give stronger weight to payoffs taht are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs with a future moment
proportinality bias
our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes. explains our tendency to accept consipiracy experiences
recency bias
gognitive bias that favors recent events over historical ones
Pelzman effect
tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases
Parkinson’s law of trivality
he tendency to give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Also known as bikeshedding, this bias explains why an organization may avoid specialized or complex subjects, such as the design of a nuclear reactor, and instead focus on something easy to grasp or rewarding to the average participant, such as the design of an adjacent bike shed
cheerleader effect
people appear more attractive in a group than when alone
authority bias
tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authoirty figure (unreleated to the content_
halo effect
tendency for a person’s positive/negative traits to spill over from one personality area to another in others perception of them
actor-observer bias
the tendency for explanations of other individuals’ behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also Fundamental attribution error), and for explanations of one’s own behaviors to do the opposite (that is, to overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality).
fundamental attribution error
e tendency for people to overemphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior[113] (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect
hostile attribution bias
tendency to interpret others behavior s as having hostile intent, even when that behavior is ambiguous or bengign
puritanical bias
the tendency to attribute cause of an undesirable outcome or wrongdoing by an individual to a moral deficiency or lack of self-control rather than taking into account the impact of broader societal determinants
availability cascade
fallacy . self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (or “repeat something long enough and it will become true
courtesy bias
cognitive bias where people give an opinion that is more socially correct than one’s true opinion so not to offend them
pygmalion effect
phemenon whereby others expectations of a target person affect hte target persons performance
reactance
the urge to do the opposite of what someone wants one to do out of a need to recsist a perceived attempt to containstrain onse freedom of choice. reverse psychology
reactive devaluation
cognitive bias where you devalue proposals only because they purportedly orginate with an adversary
social comparision bias
tendency, when making decisions, to favor potential candidates who do not compete with one’s own particualr strengths
shared information bias
The tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with (i.e., shared information), and less time and energy discussing information that only some members are aware of (i.e., unshared information)
cryptomnesia
memory is mistaken for a novel thought/imagination b/c there is no subjective experience of it beign a meory
suggestibility
ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory
bizarreness effect
bizarre material is better remembered than common material
consistency bias
Incorrectly remembering one’s past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour
cross-race effect
tendency for peopel of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own
egocentric bias
recallying the past in a self-serving manner. like remembering grades as beter than they were
humor effect
That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.
hindsight bias
inclination to see past events as beign predicatable. i knew it all along
self-relevancy effect
That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others
tachysychia
When time perceived by the individual either lengthens, making events appear to slow down, or contracts
abilene paradox
false consensus due to communicaiton failure
von Restorff effect
That an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other item
peak-end rule
a person’s subjective perceptions during the most intense and final moments of an event are averaged together into a single judgment
scarcity heuristic
scarcer an object/event, the more value attributed to it
effort heuristic
the worth of an object is determined by the amount of effort put into the production of the object. Objects that took longer to produce are more valuable while the objects that took less time are deemed not as valuable. Also applies to how much effort is put into achieving the product. This can be seen as the difference of working and earning the object versus finding the object on the side of the street. It can be the same object but the one found will not be deemed as valuable as the one that we earned.
