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ULTIMATE Military Compilation > EWS Pre-requisite > Flashcards

EWS Pre-requisite Flashcards

1
Q

ambush

A

a surprise attack from a concealed position on a moving/temporaily haulted enemy

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2
Q

attack by fire

A

fires (direct/indirect) into the physical domain to engage the enemy from a distance to destory, fix, neutralize, or suppress

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3
Q

block

A
  • deny enemy access
  • prevent their advance along an avenue of approach
  • prevent passage through an engagement area
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4
Q

breach

A

break throuhg/secure a passage through an obstacle

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5
Q

bypass

A

tyo maneuver around to maintain momemtum of an operation while deliberately avoiding combat with the enemy

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6
Q

canalize

A

to restrict enemy movement into a narrow zone by the use of existing or reinforcing obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver

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7
Q

contain

A

to stop, hold, surround enemy or cause the enemy to center activity on a given front and prevent the withdrawl of any part of hte enbemy’s force for use elsewhere

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8
Q

corrupt

A

to change, debase, or otherwise alter information from its original/correct for m or version by intentionally introducing errors or altercations, thereby rendering it useless

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9
Q

deceive

A

to manipulate the enemy into believing/acting upon something that is not true for a selected period of time and/or at a particular location to create a frienldy advantage

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10
Q

defeat

A

to disrupt or nullify the enemy CDR’s plan and overcome the will to fight. thus, the enemy is unwilling/unable to persue the COA . msut yeild to friendly CDR’s will

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11
Q

degrade

A

to dimnish the effectiveneess or efficiency of an enemy’s C@ system and/or information colelction effors or means
- lower the moral of an enemy unit
- reduce a target’s worth/value
- impair an enemy’s decisoin making capacity

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12
Q

deny

A

to hinder/prevent the ebemy from using terrain, space, personnel, supplies, facilities, specific capacities

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13
Q

destroy

A

to physically render the enemy force combat ineffective or unable to be restored to a usualble condition

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14
Q

difference between defeat and destroy

A

destruction of the enemy force normally leads to their defeat but defeat does not necessarily require destruction

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15
Q

disrupt

A

break apart an enemy’s formation and tempo, interrupt the enemy’s timetable, cause premature commitment or piecemealing of enemy forces. inflict damage over the short term to specific facets of hte system’s operation

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16
Q

exploit

A

to employ, to the greatest possible advantage, the success achieved in a military operation of enbemy information that has come into friendly hands

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17
Q

feint

A

contact with the enemy to deceive the enemy about hte location/time of the actual main offenseive action

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18
Q

fix

A

prevent the enemy from moving any part of its forces (from a specific location of for a specific period of time) by holding or surrounding them to prevent their withdrawl for use elsewhere

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19
Q

problem of fixing

A

fixing an enemy doesn’t mean destorying it. however, the friendly force has to prevent the enemy from moving in any direction which can be resource intensive

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20
Q

influence

A

to cause an enemy to behave in a manner favorable to friendly forces

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21
Q

interdict

A

to divert, disrupt, delay, or destory the enemy’s surface military potential before it can be used effectively against frneldy forces

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22
Q

isolate

A

to seal off (physically & psychologically) an enemy from its sources of support, deny them freedom of movement, and prevent that enemy force from having contact with other enemy forces

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23
Q

neutralize

A

render an enemy/their resources/target ineffective or unusuable. thereby degrading the nemy’s capability fo accomplish its mission

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24
Q

penetrate

A

to break through the enemy’s defense and disrupt their defensive system

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25
Q

reconnoiter

A

to obtain, by visual observation or other methods, information about hte activities an dresources of an enemy/adversary

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26
Q

support by fire

A

movement to a position where the maneuver force can engage the enemy by direct fire in support of another maneuvering force

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27
Q

suppress

A

transient or tempoarty degradation of an oposiing force or the performance of a weapons system belo0w the level needed to fill mission objectives

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28
Q

clear

A

to remove enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance in an assigned zone, area, or location by destorying, capturing, or forcing the withdrawl of enemy forces that could interfere with the unit’s abilityto accomplish teh mission

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29
Q

cordon

A

to precvent an enemy’s units withdrawl from or reinforcement to a posiotn

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30
Q

occupy

A

to move to an objective, key terrain, or other manmade or natural area without opposition and control the entire area

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31
Q

control

A

to maintain physical influence by occupation or rang eof weaon systems over the activities or access in a defined area

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32
Q

retain

A

to occupy and hold a terrain feature to ensure it is free of enemy occupation or use

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33
Q

how is “seize” different from “occupy”

A

seizure occurs in teh face of enemy opposition

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34
Q

secure

A

to gain possession of a position, terrain feature, piece of infrastructure, or civil asset w or w/o force. and prevent itsw descruction of loss by enemy action. the attacking forces may or may not have to physically occupy the area

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35
Q

cover

A

to conduct offensive/defensive action independent of hte main body to protect the covered force and develop the situation

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36
Q

disengage

A

to break contact with the enemy and move to a point where the enemy cannot observe or engage friendly forces by direct fire

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37
Q

displace

A

to leave one position to take another while remaining in contact with the enemy

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38
Q

difference between displace and disengage

A

units disengage to breake contact with the enemy
units displace to continue the mission/execute alternative missions

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39
Q

exfiltrate

A

to remove personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth

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40
Q

follow and assume

A

a second committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission if the lead force is fixed, atttrited, or unable to continue
NOT a reserve but is prepared to exeucte all mission of the unit they follow

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41
Q

second committed force who follows a force conducting an offensive operation and will continue the mission if something happens to the lead force

A

“follow and assume”
NOT considered a reserved force

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42
Q

follow and ___

A

…assume: follows and is prepared to take over as the lead offense if something hapens to the main force
…support: supports to followed unit creates the conditions to allow lead element to succeed

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43
Q

follow and support

A
  • committed force that follows the lead force and supports them
  • NOT a reserve force
  • NOT able to take over and lead the mission if the main force fails
  • they act to create the conditions necessary so the lead element continues its sucess (clears obstacles, controlls dislocated civillians, destorys bypassed elemnets, blocks enemy movement/reinformcements)
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44
Q

guard

A

to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information

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45
Q

protect

A

to prevent observation by engagement with or interference from an adversarial/enemy force, system, capability, location

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46
Q

screen

A

to observe, idnetify, and report informaiton
0 only fights in self protectino

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47
Q

advise

A

to improve the individual/unit capabilities/capacities via development of personal/professional relathiops

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48
Q

assess the population

A

to evaluate the nature, situation, andd attitudes of a designated population or elements of a population

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49
Q

assist

A

to provide designated support or sustainment capabilities to HN security forces to enable them to complete their mission

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50
Q

control

A

to use physical control measures/information operations to influence elments of the population or designated actors to respond as desired

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51
Q

exclude

A

to prevent/hault elements of a population or designated party from entering/projecting physical influence into a defined area

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52
Q

influence

A

to persuade locals within OE to support, cooperate with, or at least accept the friendly force prsence, and to dissuade the locals from interfering w/operatinos

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53
Q

hand over civil government and security respnosibilitys from friendly force military authoriteis to legitimate civil authorities

A

transition to civil control

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54
Q

cognitive bias

A

systematic pattern of deviation from rationality

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55
Q

illusion of transparency

A

cognitive bias
- we believe our thoghts/emotions are more apparent to others than they actuallky are

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56
Q

how do cognitive biases influence it

A

how we form memories, shape believes, connect to others, search for/evaluate/interpret/judge/use/remember information and make decisions

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57
Q

why is it important to understand cognitive biases

A

b/c they have such a pervasive influence, influence how we search for/use/evaluate/intrepret/judge/remember information, how we form memories, shape our beliefs
**imperfect way to process information/make decisions
- primarily result b/c we have a tenency to use mental shortcuts that allow us to think faster but alsmo make mistakes

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58
Q

bounded rationality

A

idea that our decision-makng ability is constrained by teh limitations on our cognitive system, types of information we have to process, and time amount that we have to process it

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59
Q

satisficing

A

cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an aceptable threshold is met

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60
Q

how do we make decisions in bounded rationality

A

we make decisions that aren’t neceswsarily optimal, since, instead of looking for the best solution that is available for a certain problem, we generally tend to look for a solutin that is preceived to be good enough

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61
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that help us quickly reach a “good enough” solution

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62
Q

2 main cognitive systems

A

System 1” “intuitive processing”. fast, automatic, effortless
System 2: conscious rasoning. slow, controlled, effortful

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63
Q

overkill effect

A

cognitive bias where people reject explainations that they perceive are too complex. this happens b/c people generally prefer information that is easy for them to process from a cognitiv eperspectiver

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64
Q

backfire effect

A

cognitive bias that causes people to strengthen their support of their preexisting beliefs when they encounter eveidence that shows those beliefs are wrong. this occurs b/c people argue strongly against unwelcome infomration, they end up with more arguments that support their original stance

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65
Q

bandwagon effect

A

cognitive bias that causes people to do something becaus ethey believe others are doing the same thing
- this occurs bc peopel feel a need to conform and act in accordance with others. people often rely on other people’s judgment when deciding how to act

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66
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

cognitive bias that causs people to mistakenly believe that if something happens more frequently than normal during a given time period, then it will happen less frequently in teh future. this is b/c people believe short sequences of random independent events should be representative of a longer sequence of events

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67
Q

rosy retrospection

A

cogntive bias that causes people to remember past events as being more pleasant/positive than they were in reality.

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68
Q

spotlight effect

A

cognitive bias tha tcauses people to think that they are being observed and noticed by others more than they actually are. this occurs b/c people naturally see everything from their own POV so they struggle to accurately judge how they look through theeyes of others

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69
Q

wide scale impact of the bandwagon effect

A

people conform to the attitudes of others. influencesw th way we make decision, form our beliefs, way in which we shape or social behavior

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70
Q

confirmation bias

A

cognitive bias that causes people to search for, favor, interpret, an drecall information in a way that conforms preexisting beliefs. can affect the way we acquire new infomration, evaluate different choices, and remember old infomration

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71
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

heuristic that cuases people to focus on how representative someone/something is of a particular class when assessing the likelihood that they belong to that class. this occurs b/c focusing on representativeness allows people to quickly assessthe situation an reach a roughly correct conclusion w/o dealing with complex background infomration

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72
Q

digital amnesia

A

tendency to forget infomraiton that is readily available via search engines. we do not commit this infomraiton to our memory b/c we know this infomration is easy to access

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73
Q

anchoring

A

the first thing you judge influences your judgement of all that follows

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74
Q

sunk cost fallacy

A

you irrationally cling to things that have already cost you somethin

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75
Q

confirmation bias

A

you look for ways to justify your existing belief
“the first principle is that you must not fool yourself-and you are the easiest persion to fool”

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76
Q

Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

the more you know, the less confident you ar elikely to belive.

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77
Q

backfire effect

A

when your core beliefs are challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly

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78
Q

barnum effect

A

you see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in the gap (psychics do this)

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79
Q

framing effect

A

you allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context/delivery

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80
Q

declinism

A

cogntive bias where you remember the past as better than it was and expect the future to be worse than it will be.
nostalgia

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81
Q

just world hypothesis

A

cognitive your preference for a just world makes you persume that it exists

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82
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

cognitive bias where you judge others on their character but yourself on the situation

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83
Q

halo effect

A

cognitive bis where how much you like someone/how attractive they are influences your other judgments of htem

84
Q

in-group bias

A

you unfairly favor those who belong in your gruop

85
Q

bystander effect

A

you persume someone else will act in an emergency

86
Q

availability heuristic

A

your judgements are influenced by what springs most easily to mind

87
Q

curse of knowledge

A

once you understand something you persume it to be obvious for everyone else

88
Q

self-servng bias

A

you believe your failures are due to external factors yet your personally responsible for your success

89
Q

belief bias

A

if a conclusion supports your existing belief, you’ll rationalize antying to support it
(useful to ask “when and how did I get this belief”

90
Q

groupthink

A

cognitive bas where you let the social dynamics of a group situation override the best outcomes

91
Q

optimism bias

A

you overestimate the likelihood of pouitive outcomes

92
Q

pessimism bias

A

you overestimate the likelihood of nagativ eoutcomes

93
Q

negativity bias

A

you allow negative things to disproprorately influence your thining

94
Q

reactance

A

cognitive bias where you’d rather do the opposite of what someone is trying to make your do

95
Q

spotlight effect

A

you overestimate how much people notice how you look/act
0 prejudice.

96
Q

anchoring cognitive bias

A

“focalism”. tendency to rely too heavily on one trait/piece of infomration. usually the first piece of infomration acquired on the subject

97
Q

common source bias

A

cognitive bias where you combine/compare research studies from the same sources or from ones that use the same methodologies or data

98
Q

conservatism bias

A

tendency to insufficiently revise one’s beliefs when presented with new infomraiton

99
Q

functional fixedness

A

cognitive bias where you limit yoursel fto using an object in the only way it is traditionally used

100
Q

law of hte instrument

A

cogntiive bias where an overreliance on a familiar tool/method makes you ignore/under-value alternative approaches “if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like nails”

101
Q

apophenia

A

cognitive bias where you tend to perceive meaninful connections betwen unrelated things

102
Q

clustering illusion

A

cognitive bias where you overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (seeing phantom patterns)

103
Q

illusory correlation

A

cognitive bias wher eyou have a tendency to inaccurately perceive a relationship betwene 2 unrelated events

104
Q

pareidolia

A

cogntive bias wher you perceive a vague/random stimulus (image/sound) as significant
- seeing images in clouds/turtle sheells, main int eh moon, hearing non-existent missage son records plaaye din reverse

105
Q

availability bias

A

heuristic to overestimate the likeihood of event swith greater availability in memory

106
Q

anthropormorphism

A

cognitive bias where you characterize animals/objects/abstract concepts as having human-like traits/emotions/intentions

107
Q

attention bias

A

cognitive bias where perception is affected by recurring thoughts

108
Q

Baader-Meinholf phemenon

A

illusion where something that has recently come to one’s attention suddenly seems to appear with improbable frequency shortly after

109
Q

salience bias

A

cognitie bias wher eyou focus on things that are more prominent/emotionally striking and ignore those are unremarkable even though the difference is often irrelevant by objective standards

110
Q

selection bias

A

cognitive bias where members of a statistical sample are not chosen completely at random so the sample isn’t truly representative of hte population

111
Q

survivorship bias

A

cognitive bias where you concentrate on people/things that surved some process and inadvertly ignore those that did not b/c the lack of visibility

112
Q

normalcy bias

A

cform of cogntive dissonance. refusal to plan for/react to a disaster tha has never happened before

113
Q

Ben Franklin effect

A

cogntive bias where a person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they ould be if they had RECEIVED a favor from that person

114
Q

IKEA effect

A

cognitive bias where poeple place a disproportiately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves regardless of the quality of the end product

115
Q

effort justification

A

cognitive bias where a peson’s tendency to attribute greater value into a outcome if they had put effort into achieving it. can result in giving it more value than it actually has

116
Q

congruence bias

A

tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing instead of testing possible alternaive hypothesis

117
Q

expectation bias

A

cognitive bias wher eexperimenters believe/certify/publis data that agrees with their expectations for the outcome of hte experiment and to disbelieve/discard/downgrad eth corrsponding weighing for data that conflicts with their expectaion

118
Q

observer-expectancy effect

A

cognitive bias where a researcher expects a given result and unconsciously manipulates an experiment/misinterprets data in order to find it

119
Q

selective perception

A

cognitive bias where tendency for expectations affects perception

120
Q

egocentric bias

A

tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own pespective oand or/ have a different perceptiion in relative to others

121
Q

bias blind spot

A

tendency to see onself as less biased than other people or to be able to identify more cogntive biases in others than in onself

122
Q

false consensus effect

A

cognitive bias where people overestimates the degree to which other gagree iwth them

123
Q

faluse uniquenes sbias

A

cognitive bias where peole see their projects/themselves asmore singular than they are

124
Q

Barnum effect

A

cognitive bias where people give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of hteir personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them but are in fact vague an dgeneral enough to apply to a wide variety ope peopel. astrology/personality tests/fortune telling

125
Q

illusion of control

A

cognitive bias where you overestimate one’s degree of influence over external events

126
Q

illusion of transparency

A

cognitive bia where people overestimate degree to which their personal mental health is known to others and to know the mental status of others

127
Q

illusion of validity

A

cognitive bias wher eyou overestimate the accuracy of one’s judgments, especialy when available infomraiton is consistent or intercorrelated

128
Q

Lake Wobegon effect

A

illusion superiority cogntive bias. tendency oto overestimate one’s desirable qualities and underestimate undesirable qualitys relaive to others

129
Q

naive cynicism

A

cognitive bias where you expect more egocentrial bias in others than oneself

130
Q

naive ralism

A

cognitive bias that we see reality as it really is. objectively and without bias. that the facts are plan for all to see and that rational peopel will agree with us while those who don’t are uninformed, lazy, irrational, biased

131
Q

overconfidence effect

A

cognitive bias wher people have excessi e confidence in their own answers to questions

132
Q

planning fallacy

A

cognitive bias where poeple underestimate the time it will take them to complete a task

133
Q

restraint bias

A

tendency to overestimate one’s ability to show restraint in teh face of temptation

134
Q

third-person effect

A

cogntive bias where you believe mass-community media messages have a greater effect on others thamn themselves

135
Q

trait ascription bias

A

cogntive bias where people vie w themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as more perdictable

136
Q

base rate fallacy

A

tendency to ignore general infomration and focus on infomration only pertaining ot the specific case even when the general information is more important

137
Q

compassion fade

A

fallacy wherepeole behave more compassionately towards a small number of identifiable victimns than to a large number of anonymous ones

138
Q

hyperbolic discounting

A

cogntive bias where people have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs versus later payoffs. people make choices today that their future self would prefer not to have been made (in one study, people made food choices now versus 1 wk from now. most choose fruit for one week later but chocolate for now)

139
Q

insensitivty to sample size

A

cognitiv ebias where you under-expect variation in small samples

140
Q

neglect of probability

A

cogntive bias where you completely disregard probability when making a decision under certainty

141
Q

scope neglect

A

cognitivebias where you are insensitive to the size to the problem when evaluating it

142
Q

zero-risk bias

A

cognitve bias where you preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a much larger risk

143
Q

automation bias

A

cognitive bias where you depend excessively on automated systems which can lead to mkistakes overriding correct dision

144
Q

decoy effect

A

fallacy where where preferences for either option A or B change in favor of option B when option C is presented, which is completely dominated by option B (inferior in all respects) and partially dominated by option

145
Q

default effect

A

tendency to favor the efault onption when given the choice between severation options

146
Q

distinction bias

A

tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simulataneously than when evaluating them separately

147
Q

sunk cost fallacy

A

people justify increased investment in a decision based on cumulatative prior investment despite new evience showing the decision was initially wrong

148
Q

GI Joe Fallacy

A

tendency to think that knowing about cognitive biases is enoguht to overcome it

149
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

tendency to think that future probabilities are influenced by past events when they really arent. “erroneous conceptiualization of the law of large numbers

150
Q

hot hand fallacy

A

belief that a person who has experienced success with a random event has a greater chance of further success in additional attempts

151
Q

zero-sum game

A

one person gainis at the expense of another

152
Q

ambiguity effect

A

cognitive bias where you tend to avoid optiosn for which the prbability of a favorable outcome is unknwn

153
Q

endowment effect

A

cognitive bias where peple tend to demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it

154
Q

pseudocertainty effect

A

tendency to make risk-adverse choices if the expected outcome is positive by make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes

155
Q

status quo bias

A

tendency to perfer for htings to remaint he same

156
Q

Dunning-Kruger effect

A

tendency for unskilled to overestimate their own ability and experts to underestimate their own ability

157
Q

hot-cold empathy gap

A

cogntive bias where oyu underestimate the influence of visceral drivs on one’s attitudes/preferences/behavor

158
Q

illusion of exploratory depth

A

tendency to believe one unestands a topic much better than they arctually do.

159
Q

hard-easy effect

A

cogntive bias where ou overestimate ability to perfomr hard tasks and underestimate ability to perform easy tasks

160
Q

belief bias

A

effect where someone’s evluation of a logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of that conflusion

161
Q

illusory truth effect

A

tendency tobelieve that if a statement is true if it is easier to process or if ias been stated multiple times regardles sof its actual truth

162
Q

rhyme as reason effect

A

cognitive bias where rhyming statements are perceived to be true

163
Q

subjective validation

A

cognitive bias wher estatemnets are perceived as true if the subject’s belief is that it i strue

164
Q

curse of knowledge

A

cognitive bias where better informed pepole find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of less infomred

165
Q

action bias

A

tendency fo rsomeone to act when faced with a prblem even when inaction would be more effective or to act when not evident problem exists

166
Q

“i knew it all along” effect

A

hindsight bias

167
Q

hungry judge effect

A

The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one’s judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.

168
Q

moral credential effect

A

occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission tobe less good in the future

169
Q

mere exposure effect

A

cognitive bias where people express an undue liking for things merely b/c they are familiar with it

170
Q

ostrich effect

A

ignorign an obvious negative situation

171
Q

outcome bias

A

cognitive bias where you judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of the quality of hte decision at the time it was made

172
Q

present bias

A

fallacy where people give stronger weight to payoffs taht are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs with a future moment

173
Q

proportinality bias

A

our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes. explains our tendency to accept consipiracy experiences

174
Q

recency bias

A

gognitive bias that favors recent events over historical ones

175
Q

Pelzman effect

A

tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases

176
Q

Parkinson’s law of trivality

A

he tendency to give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Also known as bikeshedding, this bias explains why an organization may avoid specialized or complex subjects, such as the design of a nuclear reactor, and instead focus on something easy to grasp or rewarding to the average participant, such as the design of an adjacent bike shed

177
Q

cheerleader effect

A

people appear more attractive in a group than when alone

178
Q

authority bias

A

tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authoirty figure (unreleated to the content_

179
Q

halo effect

A

tendency for a person’s positive/negative traits to spill over from one personality area to another in others perception of them

180
Q

actor-observer bias

A

the tendency for explanations of other individuals’ behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also Fundamental attribution error), and for explanations of one’s own behaviors to do the opposite (that is, to overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality).

181
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

e tendency for people to overemphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior[113] (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect

182
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

tendency to interpret others behavior s as having hostile intent, even when that behavior is ambiguous or bengign

183
Q

puritanical bias

A

the tendency to attribute cause of an undesirable outcome or wrongdoing by an individual to a moral deficiency or lack of self-control rather than taking into account the impact of broader societal determinants

184
Q

availability cascade

A

fallacy . self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (or “repeat something long enough and it will become true

185
Q

courtesy bias

A

cognitive bias where people give an opinion that is more socially correct than one’s true opinion so not to offend them

186
Q

pygmalion effect

A

phemenon whereby others expectations of a target person affect hte target persons performance

187
Q

reactance

A

the urge to do the opposite of what someone wants one to do out of a need to recsist a perceived attempt to containstrain onse freedom of choice. reverse psychology

188
Q

reactive devaluation

A

cognitive bias where you devalue proposals only because they purportedly orginate with an adversary

189
Q

social comparision bias

A

tendency, when making decisions, to favor potential candidates who do not compete with one’s own particualr strengths

190
Q

shared information bias

A

The tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with (i.e., shared information), and less time and energy discussing information that only some members are aware of (i.e., unshared information)

191
Q

cryptomnesia

A

memory is mistaken for a novel thought/imagination b/c there is no subjective experience of it beign a meory

192
Q

suggestibility

A

ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory

193
Q

bizarreness effect

A

bizarre material is better remembered than common material

194
Q

consistency bias

A

Incorrectly remembering one’s past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour

195
Q

cross-race effect

A

tendency for peopel of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own

196
Q

egocentric bias

A

recallying the past in a self-serving manner. like remembering grades as beter than they were

197
Q

humor effect

A

That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.

198
Q

hindsight bias

A

inclination to see past events as beign predicatable. i knew it all along

199
Q

self-relevancy effect

A

That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others

200
Q

tachysychia

A

When time perceived by the individual either lengthens, making events appear to slow down, or contracts

201
Q

abilene paradox

A

false consensus due to communicaiton failure

202
Q

von Restorff effect

A

That an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other item

203
Q

peak-end rule

A

a person’s subjective perceptions during the most intense and final moments of an event are averaged together into a single judgment

204
Q

scarcity heuristic

A

scarcer an object/event, the more value attributed to it

205
Q

effort heuristic

A

the worth of an object is determined by the amount of effort put into the production of the object. Objects that took longer to produce are more valuable while the objects that took less time are deemed not as valuable. Also applies to how much effort is put into achieving the product. This can be seen as the difference of working and earning the object versus finding the object on the side of the street. It can be the same object but the one found will not be deemed as valuable as the one that we earned.

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