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Biology > Evolution Unit Review > Flashcards

Evolution Unit Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What contribution did Lamarck make to evolution?

A

a naturalist who proposed the Theory of Acquired Traits. (HE WAS WRONG)

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2
Q

Ex. the giraffe got a long neck because it continued to stretch its neck until it got that long.

A

Theory of Acquired Traits (Lamarck)

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3
Q

What contribution did Malthus make to evolution?

A

Economist who said that the human population would run out of natural resources.

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4
Q

What contribution did Darwin make to evolution?

A

Proposed the Theory of Natural Selection

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5
Q

Those organisms who are best adapted to their environment survive and pass on their traits to their offspring.

A

Theory of Natural Selection

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6
Q

What contribution did Lyell/Hutton make to evolution?

A

Geologists who proposed mechanisms for how Earth evolved.

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7
Q

What contribution did Lyell make to evolution?

A

Principles of Geology and uniformitarianism

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8
Q

What contribution did Hutton make to evolution?

A

gradualism

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9
Q

What is the mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals?

A

Theory of Natural Selection

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10
Q

What are the 4 causes of evolution/natural selection?

A
  • overproduction
  • variation
  • adaptation
  • descent with modification
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11
Q

What are the 2 sources of genetic variation?

A

mutations and recombination

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12
Q

same structure but different function

A

homologous structures

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13
Q

Ex. human hand, bat wing, rat foot, and cat paw

A

homologous structures

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14
Q

organs that once had a function, but no longer do

A

vestigial structures

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15
Q

Ex. hip bones in snakes, hips and leg fragment in whales, and human appendix

A

vestigial structures

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16
Q

same function but different structure

A

analogous strucures

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17
Q

Ex. bat wing and insect wing

A

analogous structures

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18
Q

What is speciation?

A

Forming of 2 or more species from 1 existing species

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19
Q

What events can cause speciation?

A

isolation and genetic drift

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20
Q

Condition in which a population’s allele frequencies for a given trait DON’T change from generation to generation. Allele frequencies will remain constant UNLESS five requirements are met, which rarely happens, so is theoretical but can show evolutionary changes taking place IF the allele frequencies are changing.

A

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

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21
Q

What are the 5 requirements for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  • large population
  • no gene flow (no emigration or immigration)
  • no mutations
  • random mating
  • no natural selection
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22
Q

What is the difference between bottleneck effect and founder effect?

A

Bottleneck effect occurs after some random event greatly reduces the size of a population whereas Founder effect occurs after a smaller number of individuals colonize a new area.

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23
Q

What are the similarities between bottleneck effect and founder effect?

A

Both may show genetic drift and usually result in allele distributions that aren’t representative of the original population.

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24
Q

differences in genes

A

genetic variation

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25
Q

all the genes in a population

A

gene pool

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26
Q

changes in allele frequencies due to chance in a small population

A

genetic drift

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27
Q

measure of how often an allele shows up in a population

A

allele frequency

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28
Q

movement of alleles into and out of a population due to emigration or immigration

A

gene flow

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29
Q

Fitness is an organism’s ability to ……

A

survive and reproduce

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30
Q

the more fit the individual the more likely they are to pass on the trait to the next generation

A

fitness

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31
Q

a variation/mutation that helps an organism to better survive

A

adaptation

32
Q

over time, natural selection will result in a species with adaptations well suited for its environment

A

descent with modification

33
Q

organisms produce more organisms than will survive in hopes that they will live long and reproduce

A

overproduction

34
Q

How does natural selection apply to evolution?

A

“survival of the fittest”

35
Q

A horse and a donkey can mate and produce a mule, but a mule cannot produce more mules. Why is a mule not a species?

A

A mule is NOT a species because it cannot reproduce with other mules to produce offspring.

36
Q

What is the study of fossils called?

A

paleontology

37
Q

What kind of rock are most fossils found in?

A

sedimentary rock

38
Q

What are large scale evolutionary changes called?

A

macro evolution

39
Q

What is small scale evolutionary changes on the genetic level called?

A

micro evolution

40
Q

Describe the difference between convergent and divergent evolution?

A

Convergent evolution is different species evolve similar traits (analogous structures) and divergent evolution is 2 closely related species evolve in different directions (homologous structures)

41
Q

Process in which 2 or more species evolve in response to each other. Think of symbiosis from ecology-mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

A

co evolution

42
Q

Ex. crabs and snails, flowers and pollinators

A

coevolution

43
Q

In order for evolution to happen, the population must be ……

A

small

44
Q

An inherited trait that allows an organism to survive.

A

adaptation

45
Q

random changes in DNA sequences resulting in new phenotypes or variation

A

mutations

46
Q

evolutionary changes result from slow changes over a long period of time

A

gradualism

47
Q

theory stating speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little evolutionary change.

A

punctuated equilibrium

48
Q

the rapid evolution of many diverse species from ancestral species

A

adaptive radiation

49
Q

favors ONE extreme

A

directional selection

50
Q

favors the AVERAGE

A

stabilizing selection

51
Q

favors BOTH extremes

A

disruptive selection

52
Q

How can comparative biochemistry and genetic evidence support evolution?

A

Comparative biochemistry compares proteins and amino acids. Genetic evidence studies DNA/RNA comparisons. The more species have in common, the more likely they’re related.

53
Q

How can gene flow affect the gene pool?

A

Gene flow can affect the gene pool by introduction of new alleles due to emigration or immigration.

54
Q

land barrier prevents reproduction

Ex. water, mountains, etc.

A

geographic isolation

55
Q

organisms from the original population can NO longer reproduce

A

reproductive isolation

56
Q

organisms do not reproduce because of differences in mating rituals

A

behavioral isolation

57
Q

organisms do not reproduce because of bad timing

A

temporal isolation (time = TEMP)

58
Q

What are the 4 methods that support evolution?

A

comparative embryology, geography (biogeography), physiology (physical structures- homologous, analogous, vestigial), and fossil record

59
Q

the longer 2 organisms look like each other in the womb, the more likely they share a common ancestor

A

comparative embryology

60
Q

study of where organisms live

A

geography (biogeography)

61
Q

physical structures (homologous, vestigial, and analogous)

A

physiology

62
Q

fossils show relative age of organisms

A

fossil record

63
Q

preserved remains of a once living organism

A

fossil

64
Q

species that have all died out

A

extinction

65
Q

What are two ways to date fossils?

A
  • radiometric

- relative

66
Q

List the geologic eras from oldest to present time.

A

1) precambium
2) paleozoic
3) mesozoic
4) cenozoic

67
Q

Briefly explain Miller and Urey’s experiments.

A

Simulated Earth’s ancient atmosphere attempting to create amino acids.

68
Q

How old is Earth?

A

about 4.6 billion years old

69
Q

When did the first dinosaurs appear?

A

225 million years ago

70
Q

Early mitochondria and chloroplasts were once simple prokaryotes that were taken up by larger prokaryotes.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

71
Q

What are two types of evidence to support endosymbiosis?

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and replicate within the cell.

72
Q

What is the difference between relative and radiometric dating?

A

Relative dating estimates age while radiometric dating gives the actual/absolute age of fossils.

73
Q

Which dating method uses radioactive elements?

A

radiometric dating

74
Q

What isotope is commonly used in radiometric dating?

A

C-14

75
Q

Which group of organisms are believed to be the first present on Earth?

A

bacteria

76
Q

How old are Homo-sapiens?

A

about 100,000 years old

77
Q

Describe Earth’s atmosphere about 4 billion years ago.

A

Violent, hot, acidic, and NO OXYGEN!!!!

Biology (15 decks)

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