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Biology > Ch. 19 Protists > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Protists Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Often used informally to describe the many phyla of animal like protists

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

A temporary extension of cytoplasm and plasma membrane that helps protozoa move and feed

A

Pseudopod

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3
Q

Fake foot

A

Pseudopod

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4
Q

Short, hairlike structures that cover some/all of the cell surface to help the organism swim and capture food

A

Cilia

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5
Q

Photosynthetic plantlike protists

A

Algae

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6
Q

A large group of single celled organisms that swim with the aid of one or two flagella

A

Euglenoids

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7
Q

Flexible coat like covering on euglenoid’s cell surface which allows the cell to change shape and in some species helps the organisms to creep across solid surfaces like a worm

A

Pellicle

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8
Q

Can produce light through internal chemical reactions

A

Bioluminescent

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9
Q

Eukaryotic organisms that have both fungus like and animal like traits

A

Slime molds

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10
Q

Fungus like protists that are made up of branching strands of cells

A

Water molds

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11
Q

Why are protists grouped together?m

A

They share some features with animals, plants, and fungi but lack one or more traits that would place them in these 3 kingdoms.

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12
Q

Describe protists.

A
  • may be single/ multi celled

- reproduce asexually or sexually or both

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13
Q

How are protists categorized?

A

Based on how they get their food

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14
Q

Describe animal like protists.

A

Heterotrophs/single celled (unlike animals)/ lack chloroplasts

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15
Q

Describe Plant like protists.

A

Autotrophs through photosynthesis; may have roots, stems, or leaves; and may be single celled, colonial, or multicellular

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16
Q

Animal like protists Ex.

A

Oxytricha

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17
Q

Plant like protists Ex.

A

Pediastrum

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18
Q

Fungus like protists Ex.

A

Slime molds

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19
Q

Describe fungus like protists.

A

Decompose dead organisms/ (unlike fungi) can move

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20
Q

A eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungus

A

Protists

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21
Q

What key difference between animal like protists and animals?

A

all animal like protists are unicellular while all are multicellular

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22
Q

Where are the flagella in zooflagellates?

A

Their flagella are extensions of cytoplasm made bundles of microtubules enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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23
Q

Whose flagella is bigger- prokaryote’s or zooflagellate’s?

A

Zooflagellate’s

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24
Q

Why amoebas form pseudopods?

A

To move

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25
Q

How do pseudopods form?

A

Forms when cell cytoplasm flows outward to form a bulge which spreads, anchors itself to the surface its on, and pulls the rest of cell toward it (NEEDS ENERGY)

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26
Q

How do amoebas get food?

A

Through ingestion through the process if phagocytosis

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27
Q

Explain phagocytosis in amoebas.

A

It surrounds the food with its pseudopods, and its outer membrane forms a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes enter the food vacuole from the surrounding cytoplasm, and digestion takes place.

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28
Q

Explain amoebas.

A

Live in fresh water, salt water, and soil
Majority are free living, but some are parasites
Most are microscopic

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29
Q

Explain zooflagellates.

A

All are heterotrophs that can eat prokaryotes that feed on dissolved organic matter
Some are pathogens or live inside other organisms in mutualism

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30
Q

What are shorter than flagella and found in greater number?

A

Cilia

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31
Q

Explain ciliates.

A

Some are parasites that cause diseases

Most are free living and found in fresh water.

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32
Q

Example of a free living ciliates in fresh water.

A

Paramecium

33
Q

Explain zooflagellate Trypansoma (sleeping disease).

A

Transmitted by tstee fly bite and causes coma and death

34
Q

Explain Malaria.

A

From Anopheles mosquito bite
Symptoms: fever, vomiting, severely affects kidney and liver function
Leads to coma and death
Mosquitos developed resistance to anti malarial drugs

35
Q

Explain zooflagellate Giardia.

A

Causes intestinal disease

Become infected by drinking water contaminated with feces of infected animals

36
Q

What is the difference plants and plant like protists?

A

Plant like protists don’t have roots, stems, leaves, specialized tissues, or the same reproductive structures
Plant like protists can be be single or multi celled while all plants are multicellular

37
Q

Explain plant like protists.

A

Many single celled ones are free living aquatic organisms that together with photosynthetic bacteria are phytoplankton
Several species of single celled ones live in colonies (Ex. Volvex)
Can be multi celled
Some species eat other organisms through photosynthesis

38
Q

Ex. Of multicellular plant like protists.

A

Seaweeds and kelps

39
Q

In the past single celled organisms combined into multicellular organisms such as….

A

Volvex

40
Q

How did single celled algae become multi celled?m

A

Individual cells in colonies that were efficient at certain tasks became more specialized over time and became more dependent on each other and led to multicellular forms

41
Q

Where do most plant like protists live?

A

In freshwater and marine ecosystems, but some live in deserts and tundra.

42
Q

What do most plant like protists have at some point in their life?

A

Flagellum

43
Q

How are plant like protists grouped into several phyla?

A

Based on their photosynthetic pigments and cell wall membrane

44
Q

Explain plant like euglenoids.

A

Most found in freshwater, some in ocean environments

45
Q

How are plant like photosynthetic euglenoids green?

A

Comes from 2 different chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll a and b)

46
Q

All photosynthetic organisms have what?

A

Chlorophyll a

47
Q

Chlorophyll b is only in what?

A

Only in green algae and plants

48
Q

Explain dinoflagellates.

A

Singled celled
90% marine plankton
Some are freshwater and some are snow
About half of all marine dinoflagellates photosynthesize

49
Q

How do dinoflagellates move?

A

They have 2 flagella.
One extends from the rear cell and propels it forward and the other is ribbonlike strand that circles the cell in a groove along its body and allows the cell to turn over and change direction
The combination of 2 flagella cause it to turn in a spiral as it moves forward

50
Q

Example of a bioluminescent organisms.

A

Noctiluca

51
Q

What can dinoflagellates do and cause?

A

Can help build coral reefs through their mutualistic relationship with coral and cause red tides through their toxins

52
Q

Tiny celled algae covered in delicately patterned glass shells

A

Diatoms

53
Q

What do diatoms’ shells serve as?

A

An external skeleton to help the cell hold its rigid shape

54
Q

What do diatoms play a critical role in?

A

The uptake of carbon dioxide and the production of half of the world’s oxygen

55
Q

Explain diatoms.

A

May be freshwater or marine
Many species are phytoplankton
Other live clinging to rocks, plants, soil, and animals ( crustaceans, turtles, and whales)

56
Q

Why are diatoms well preserved?

A

Because of their glassy mineralized shells

57
Q

What are the industrial uses for diatom skeletons?

A

Ingredient in scrubbing products due their rough texture

58
Q

Explain green algae.

A

May be found in water and land but most are aquatic
Multicellular and have chlorophyll a and b
Plants/ green algae have accessory pigments called carotenoids

59
Q

What are accessory pigments?

A

Capture light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll during photosynthesis

60
Q

What suggests that algae were early ancestors if plants?

A

Have cell walls made if cellulose and store food in cells as starch

61
Q

Example of brown algae.

A

Underwater kelp forests

62
Q

Explain Brown algae.

A

Multicellular
Can be extremely large
Photosynthetic with chlorophyll c like diatoms

63
Q

Explain red algae.

A

Most found in ocean and few in freshwater

Use chlorophyll a for photosynthesis but get their color from pigment phycoerythrin

64
Q

How can red algae grow in deeper depth?

A

Because their red pigments allow it to absorb blue light reaching deepest in the ocean

65
Q

How can all algae reproduce?

A

Asexually

66
Q

Multicellular algae can do what?

A

Fragment

67
Q

What are the similarities between fungus like protists and fungi?

A

Both can decompose and have similar reproductive structures/ cycles

68
Q

How are fungus like protists and fungi different?

A

Fungus like protists can move

69
Q

What can slime molds be divided into?

A

Plasmodial/ cellular slime molds

70
Q

Example of plasmodial slime molds.

A

Dog vomit slime molds

71
Q

What are plasmodial slime molds like most of their life?

A

A single mass of cytoplasm that is actually a large single cell with many nuclei called a plasmodium

72
Q

How do plasmodial slime molds move?

A

Like a giant amoeba creeping over the ground as it absorbs bacteria and nutrients from decaying matter

73
Q

What do plasmodial slime molds do when food and moisture are in short supply?

A

They stop growing and develop non moving reproductive structures that produce spores

74
Q

Explain cellular slime molds.

A

Common in soil

Each spore released by it becomes a single amoeba like cell

75
Q

What do cellular slime molds do when food is scarce?

A

Individual cells can release chemical signals that cause the cells to swarm together and form a slug like body that moves as 1 organism celled a pseudoplasmodium (fake plasmodium) because each cel, is independent (cell membranes don’t fuse).

76
Q

Explain water molds.

A

Common in freshwater habitats
Many are decomposers
Some are parasites of plants and fish

77
Q

Ex. Of water mold parasite

A

Phytophthora infestations causes disease potato blight

78
Q

Explain potato blight.

A

Outbreak in Ireland from 1845-1849
Destroyed almost all of potato crops
1 million people died of starvation called Great Potato Famine

Biology (15 decks)

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