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Biology > Chapter 12- The History Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 12- The History Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Occurs when minerals carried away by water are deposited around a hard structure. They may also replace the hard structure itself.

A

Permineralization

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2
Q

Form when flowing water removes all of the original bone or tissue, leaving just an impression in sediment. Minerals fill in the mold, recreating the original shape of the organism.

A

Natural casts

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3
Q

Records the activity of an organism

Ex. Nests, burrows, imprints of leaves, and footprints

A

Trace fossils

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4
Q

Organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens into Amber after the tree gets buried underground.

A

Amber preserved fossils

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5
Q

Form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice or volcanic ash or immersed in bogs.

A

Preserved remains

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6
Q

Most fossils form in what kind of rock?

A

Sedimentary

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7
Q

What is the best kind of environment for fossilization?

A

Wetlands, bogs,many areas where sediment is continuously deposited

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8
Q

Where do most fossils result from?

A

Permineralization

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9
Q

Estimates the time during which an organism loved by comparing the placement of fossils of that organism with the placement of fossils in other rock layers

A

Relative dating

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10
Q

A technique that uses the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in materials in order to calculate the age of the material

A

Radio metric dating

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11
Q

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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12
Q

The amount of time it takes for half of the nuclei isotope in a sample to decay into a different element or its product isotope

A

Half life

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13
Q

What isotope is commonly used for radioactive dating?

A

14^C

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14
Q

Fossils of organisms that existed only during specific spans of time over large geographic areas

A

Index fossils

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15
Q

What determines the age of fossils or strata they’re found in?

A

Index fossils

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16
Q

What are the best index fossils to use?

A

Most common, easiest to indent icy, found widely around the world, and only existed for a brief amount of time

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17
Q

A representation of the history of Earth and organizes Earth’s history by major changes or events that have occurred using evidence from the fossil/ geologic records

A

Geologic time scale

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18
Q

Last tens to hundreds of millions of years and consist of two or more periods

A

Eras

19
Q

The most commonly used unit of time on the geologic scale, lasting tens of millions of years. Each are associated with a particular type of rock system.

A

Period

20
Q

The smallest unit of geologic time and lasts several million years

A

Epochs

21
Q

Ancient life era

A

Paleozoic

22
Q

Middle life era

A

Mesozoic

23
Q

Recent life era

A

Cenozoic

24
Q

A cloud of gas/ dust in space

A

Nebula

25
Q

What is the most widely accepted hypothesis of Earth’s origin?

A

Earth formed by a condensing nebula

26
Q

What is the meteorite hypothesis?

A

Organic molecules may come to earth through meteorite or asteroid impacts

27
Q

How could the behavior of lipids lead to the formation of the first cells?

A

Lipid molecules formed membranes which formed into spheres called liposomes.

28
Q

What did the Miller-Urey demonstrate?

A

Organic molecules form from inorganic molecules beloved to be present in the early atmosphere.

29
Q

When one organism lives inside the body of another, and both benefit the relationship

A

Endosymbiosis (or mutualism)

30
Q

What theory states that larger prokaryotes took up smaller prokaryotes that became what?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

31
Q

The fossil evidence indicates that anaerobic prokaryotes were what?

A

The first living organisms

32
Q

RNA molecules that can catalyze specific chemical reactions

A

Ribozymes

33
Q

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

A

Cyanobacteria

34
Q

What is the proof that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once smaller prokaryotes?

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and chromosomes
  • can copy themselves in their cells
  • about the same size as prokaryotes
  • DNA forms in circles
  • gene structures are similar to prokaryotes
35
Q

The evolution of primates is thought to have occurred in which of the following time periods?

A

Cenozoic era

36
Q

Which periods make up the Mesozoic era?

A

Triassic, Jurassic,many Cretaceous

37
Q

Which is the longest time span in Earth’s history?

A

Cenozoic era

38
Q

What is called the age of the reptiles because dinosaurs lived at the time and also features flowering plants, birds, and the oldest direct mammal ancestor?

A

Mesozoic era

39
Q

What periods is Cenozoic era divided into?

A

Tertiary and quaternary

40
Q

Era of geologic time (544 to 248 million years ago) during which members of every maker animal group alive today evolved

A

Paleozoic

41
Q

Era during which dinosaurs roamed the Earth (from 248 million years ago to 65 million years ago)

A

Mesozoic

42
Q

Geologic time period that began 65 million years ago and continues today

A

Cenozoic

43
Q

Earliest part of the Paleozoic era, when a huge diversity of animal species evolved

A

Cambrian explosion

44
Q

What are the ways fossils can form?

A

Permineralization, natural casts, trace fossils, Amber preserved, and preserved remains

Biology (15 decks)

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