Chapter 10- Evolution Flashcards
A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring
Species
Traces of organisms that existed in the past
Fossils
States that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions have happened often during Earth’s long history. These events shaped landforms and caused species to become extinct in thin process. (sudden disaster)
Catastrophism
States that landforms resulted from slow changes over a long period of time (moving or changing slowly)
Gradualism
States that the geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform through time/proposes that present geologic processes are the key to the past (always staying the same)
Uniformitarianism
The difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs
Variation
A feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment and can lead to greater change in a population over time
Adaptation
The process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits
Artificial selection
The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
Heritability
A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals
Natural selection
All the individuals of a species that live in an area
Population
A measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment
Fitness
The study of the distribution of organisms around the world
Biogeography
Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions
Homologous structures
Structures that performs a similar function but not similar in origin (evolved separately)
Analogous structures
The remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor
Vestigial structures
The study of fossils or extinct organisms
Paleontology
The process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
Evolution
The similarity in forelimb structures of humans, bats, and miles is evidence of what?
They share a common ancestor
After many generations, an insect species evolved resistance to a particular pesticide. This occurred because spreading pesticides did what?
Selected for insects that were able to survive and reproduce
An herbicide killed 99% of a weed population what is the best biological explanation for why some weeds were able to survive?
Genetic variation in the population allowed some weeds to survive
In a population, natural selection acts on what?
Phenotypic variation
Naturalist who proposed that changes in an environment led to a change in the organism’s behavior, which would later lead to greater use or disuse if a structure or organ. These changes would then be passed on to offspring.
John Baptist Lemark
What Scottish geologist who proposed the theory of…… which states that landforms on earth changed slowly?
James Hutton, gradualism
What English geologist who expanded Hutton’s theory into…..?
Charles Lyell, uniformitarianism
Swedish botanist known as The Father of Modern Classification.
Carlos Linnaeus
Lamarck’s idea of ……….. proposed that organisms evolves toward perfection, passing improvements on to each generation.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Differences between species
(Intraspecific) variation
Overtime natural selection will result in species with adaptations that is well suited for survival and reproduction in an environment.
Descent with modification
What are the four principles of natural selection?
Variation, overproduction, adaptation, and descent with modification
Who proposed that all living things descended from a common ancestor and that more complex forms of life arose from less complex forms?
Erasmus Darwin
Who was the the French naturalist who proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately and believed Earth was older than 6,000 years?
Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon
Who developed a classification system for organisms known at the time by grouping them by similarities p, but also reflect evolutionary relationships?
Carlos Linnaeus
