Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Ch. 18- Viruses and Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 18- Viruses and Prokaryotes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any living organism or particle that cause an infectious disease

A

Pathogen (infectious agent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infectious particles that cause disease in plants

A

Viroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An infectious particle made only of proteins that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly which causes them not to function.

A

Prion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A protein she’ll that can have different shapes and in some viruses, is surrounded by a lipid envelope

A

Capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The protective outer coat of a virus from which spiky structures of proteins/sugars may stick out

A

Lipid envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Viruses that prey on bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An infection pathway in which the host cell bursts, releasing the new viral offspring into the host’s system to infect other cells

A

Lyric infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A phage combines its DNA into the host cell’s DNA

A

Lysogenic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The phage DNA inserted into the host cell’s DNA

A

Prophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people

A

Epidemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A virus that contains RNA and uses an enzyme to make a DNA copy. Double stranded DNA then enters the nucleus and combines with the host genes as a lysogenic infection. The viral DNA can remain dormant for years as a provirus with no symptoms to the human host.

A

Retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prokaryotes that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prokaryotes that need oxygen to survive

A

Obligate aerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotes that can survive whether oxygen is present in the environment or not

A

Facultative aerobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A small piece of genetic material that can replicate separately from the prokaryote’s main chromosome

A

Plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A long whiplike structure outside of cell that is used for movement

A

Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Helps prokaryotes stick to surfaces and other prokaryotes

  • more numerous flagella
  • shorter/ thinner than flagella
A

Pilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genetic material transfers between prokaryotes to produce genetic variation

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A specialized cell with a thick, protective wall produced by some bacteria during conditions unfavorable for survival

A

Endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A process that uses microbes and other living things to break down pollutants

A

Bioremediation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ability of bacteria to break down a material

A

Biodegradable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A poison released by an organism

A

Toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria by stopping them from making cell walls

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Archaea bacteria contain what type of cell?

A

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many cells are found in Archaea bacteria?

A

One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Do archaea bacteria contain cell walls?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In which way do archaea bacteria obtain food?

A

Chemosynthesis/ some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do archaebacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Eubacteria are what type of cell?

A

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Eubacteria are composed of how many cells?

A

One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Do eubacteria contain cell walls and membrane organelles?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In which way do eubacteria obtain food?

A

Some autotroph/ some heterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do eubacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually through binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the differences between living cells and viruses?

A

Living cells use energy, nutrients, and reproduce on its own. Viruses must use a host cell’s energy and machinery to reproduce and make proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do all pathogens have in common?

A

Causes diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Give 2 reasons why prions weren’t thought to be pathogens?

A

Prions are very small and often incubate for years before taking effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of pathogen is an RNA based disease?

A

Viroids are made of RNA and is passed typing seeds and pollen to infect plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why is it difficult to make effective antiviral drugs?

A
  • high mutation rate for viruses

- most drugs that would attack the virus and stop the replication may also kill the host cells

39
Q

Give 5 facts about viruses.

A
  • respond to their environment
  • have genes and can reproduce
  • can’t reproduce on their own but need living cells to help them reproduce and make proteins
  • viruses are much smaller than most cells
  • viruses aren’t given a place in the Linnaean system
40
Q

Give 3 facts about viroids.

A
  • made of single stranded RNA without a protein coat
  • passed through seeds and pollen
  • have even less to do with living things than viruses
41
Q

What have had a major impact on agriculture and why?

A

Viroids because they stunt plant growth.

42
Q

Why did Dimitri Ivanovsky do?

A

In 1892 he studied tobacco mosaic disease thought to be caused by bacteria. When he removed the bacteria, he found that the extract could still pass on the disease.

43
Q

What did Martinus Beijerink do?

A

In 1898 he built up on Dimitri’s work by showing that the disease agent passed through agor gel. He proposed that the tiny particles within the extract caused infection which he called VIRUSES.

44
Q

What are the spikes on the lipid envelope used for?

A

Helps viruses attach to host cells

45
Q

What is another way to describe a virus?

A

Simply packaged sets of genes that move from 1 host cell to another and has no structures to maintain such as a membrane and organelles.

46
Q

How do viruses identify hosts?

A

By fitting its surface proteins to receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell

47
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

Genetic material surrounded by a capsid

48
Q

What is some examples of structures if viruses?

A

Rod shaped and strand like viruses often have capsid a shaped on coils like a spring or helix.

49
Q

What kind of genetic material can viruses have?

A

DNA or RNA but never both

50
Q

How can the genetic material of viruses be structured?

A

Single/double stranded, linear, circular, or segmented

51
Q

How do bacteriophages work?

A

They work like a syringe by injecting its genes into the host’s cell’s cytoplasm, where DNA is found.

52
Q

Example of a bacteriophage

A

T. Bacteriophage

53
Q

What is a difference between viruses that infect bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

The way they enter the host cell such as endocytosis.

54
Q

What does the virus do when it is inside the cell?

A

Target the cell’s nucleus

55
Q

What are the first line of defense for organisms against viruses?

A

In vertebrates it is skin, for other organisms it is outer skeleton of a tough cell wall

56
Q

How do viruses penetrate skin?

A

Through a cut/scrape or mucus membranes/ body openings such as mouth, nose, genital area, eyes, and ears

57
Q

What do viruses do when they are finally inside the body?

A
  1. The virus finds its way to target organs or tissues.
  2. When the virus comes to a host cell, it uses its own surface proteins as keys for the receptors to trick the cell to allow it to enter.
58
Q

What do cold viruses do as they move from people?

A

Mutate

59
Q

What can spread quickly in local epidemics?

A

Flu

60
Q

Why is it necessary to make a new vaccine each year for the flu?

A

The high mutation rate of surface proteins on viral capsids

61
Q

Explain SARS.

A

Symptoms are similar to flu such as fever/ coughing/ difficulty breathing.
And first appeared in 2002 in Asia and spread to other countries

62
Q

What is an example of a retrovirus?

A

HIV

63
Q

Explain HIV infections.

A

When the viruses. É one active, it directs the formation of new viruses
The new viruses leave by either budding/bursting through cell membranes and infect new cells.
This destroys white blood cells through lytic infection to cause AIDS.

64
Q

Why is HIV hard to treat?

A

Has a high mutation rate, but there are drugs to slow the spread of virus

65
Q

Explain a vaccine.

A

It is made from the same pathogen that is supposed to protect against.
It consists of weakened version of the virus or parts of it that’ll cause the body to produce a response to it.
Immune system is triggered by the pathogen’s surface proteins and prepares it from future attacks from the virus.

66
Q

Ex. Of an obligate anaerobe

A

Archaea

67
Q

Ex. Of obligate aerobe

A

Tuberculosis and leprosy

68
Q

What are the similarities between archaea and bacteria?

A
  • small, single celled
  • have cell walls/ cell membranes
  • prokaryotes
69
Q

What can move on their own and why?

A

Archaea and bacteria using the flagella to glide

70
Q

Where is the flagella attached to in prokaryotes?

A

Plasma membrane/ cell wall

71
Q

What is structurally different between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

A

Flagellum

72
Q

What are archaea more closely related to?

A

Eukaryotes

73
Q

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria?

A
  • archaea cell walls and membranes are chemically different than bacteria.
  • archaea membranes have lipids found in no other organism
  • bacteria have a polymer called peptidoglycan in their cell walls while archaea don’t
74
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

Into two groups based on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls

75
Q

What tells the 2 groups apart and is important in diagnosing bacterial diseases?

A

Gram stain

76
Q

Explain conjugation.

A

Can exchange parts of their chromosomes through a hollow bridge of pilli connecting 2 or more cells.

77
Q

How are endospores formed?

A

Bacteria copies its chromosome and produces a wall around the copy

78
Q

What kind of conditions can an endospores help a bacteria survive?

A

Drying out, temperature change, and disinfectants

79
Q

What are a key part of animal digestive systems?

A

Bacteria

80
Q

What else can humans get from bacteria?

A

Fermented foods

81
Q

What do Cyanobacteria and other bacteria produce?

A

Cyanobacteria produce oxygen through photosynthesis and other bacteria and Cyanobacteria produce nitrogen in a different from for other organisms to use through nitrogen fixation.

82
Q

What is an example of bioremediation?

A

Oil spills

83
Q

How can bacteria cause disease?

A

By invading tissues and attacking cells or making toxins that can be carried by blood to sites throughout the body.

84
Q

Give an example of a bacteria invading cells to cause disease.

A

Tuberculosis

85
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that produces a toxin to cause disease.

A

Staphylococcus aureus

86
Q

Where can harmless bacteria be destructive?

A

When introduced to a part of th host that’s not adapted to them or in tissues they usually don’t colonize in

87
Q

How are antibiotics produced?

A

Naturally by some species of bacteria and fungi

88
Q

Why can antibiotics be used on animals?

A

We don’t have cell walls

89
Q

Why can’t antibiotics work on viruses?

A

Viruses lack cell walls

90
Q

What happens when you overuse antibiotics?

A

Make selective pressure favoring the bacteria because it becomes resistant

91
Q

What happens when you underuse an antibiotic?

A

It can cause drug resistance and you won’t destroy all the bacteria, only the weak ones.

92
Q

What are examples of misuse of antibiotics?

A

In agriculture to increase the animals’ growth rate. Then the food from the healthy animals have resistant bacteria in them which means the same antibiotics can’t be used on you since they’re resistant.

93
Q

An infection made only of a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

A

Virus

Biology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions