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Bio Study > Evolution Notes > Flashcards

Evolution Notes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Artificial selection

A

deliberately modifying species for change

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2
Q

Speciation

A

process of new species forming

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3
Q

homologies

A

things in common throughout all individuals in a species

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4
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants from an organisms ancestor

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5
Q

evolutionary trees

A

hypotheses about species relationships

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6
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution of analogous organisms
does not provide ancestry infos
happens in similar environments

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7
Q

endemic species

A

species isolated and not found anywhere else

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8
Q

niche

A

the role of a species

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9
Q

microevolution

A

change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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10
Q

causes of allele frequency change

A

natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow

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11
Q

genetic variation

A

caused by differences in genes
measures as gene variability

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12
Q

nucleotide variability

A

measure of the mean number of difference in the sequence of nucleotides

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13
Q

sources of genetic variation

A

formation of new alleles
altering gene number

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14
Q

population

A

localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding

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15
Q

gene pool

A

all alleles in a population

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16
Q

hardy weinberg equation

A

p+q=1, p^2+2pq+q^1=1

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17
Q

conditions for hardy weinberg

A

no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population, no gene flow

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18
Q

founder effect

A

species that find a new area to disperse, population becomes isolated form the main population

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19
Q

bottleneck effect

A

sudden reduction in population, creates competition within the group, humans often cause this

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20
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

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21
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition among individuals of one sex for mating

22
Q

Heterozygous advantage

A

occurs when heterozygous have a higher fitness than homozygous

22
Q

biological species concept

A

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring

23
Q

habitat isolation

A

two species do not interact because of different habitats

24
Q

temporal isolation

A

different species come out at different times of the day for mating

25
Q

behavioral isolation

A

different courtship rituals

26
Q

mechanical isolation

A

physically mating cannot occur

27
Q

gametic isolation

A

sperm cannot fertilize the egg

28
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

hybrid offspring is not viable

29
Q

reduced hybrid ferti4lity

A

hybrid offspring are not fertile

30
Q

hybrid breakfown

A

first gen is fertile, second gen is not

31
Q

pre zygote

A

the zygote cannot form, death occurs before

32
Q

post zygote

A

the death occurs after the zygote forms

33
Q

morphological species concept

A

distinguishes species by body shape and other structural features

34
Q

ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of ecological niche, sum of how members of the species interact with their environment

35
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations

36
Q

polyploidy

A

extra set of chromosomes form to make this, INFERTILE

37
Q

habitat differentiations

A

sympatric speciation can also result from the appearance of new niches

38
Q

sexual selection

A

female chooses mate

39
Q

autopolyploid

A

individual with more than two chromosome sets all derived from a single species, INFERTILE

40
Q

allopolyploid

A

species with multiple sets of chromosomes from different species, FERTILE

41
Q

hybrid zone

A

region in which species mate and produce hybrid

42
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

describes periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

43
Q

geographic isolation

A

allopatric or sympatric

44
Q

coevolution

A

joint evolution by two species interaction

45
Q

adaptive radiation

A

normally occurs with sympatric, periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form species to fill niches

46
Q

Lamarck

A

Proposed a mechanism for how life changes over time, idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics which is that organisms can pass off modifications to their organisms. He was wrong but had good ideas

47
Q

Darwin

A

observed adaptations, natural selection which is the process in which individuals have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates because of those traits

48
Q

Soapberry bugs evolution

A

shorter beaks are more favored, Scot Carrol and team changed the food the soapberry bugs had, they found that the beak lengths became shorter in the population whereas the native bugs had longer beaks

49
Q

MRSA evolution

A

penicillin becomes widely used, MRSA develops a strain to become resistant to it and becomes resistant to more and more antibiotics as it is used more

50
Q

allopatric speciation

A

gene flow in interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

51
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

to describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

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