chapter 54 Flashcards

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1
Q

community

A

a group of populations of different species living in close enough proximity to interact

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2
Q

interspecific interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, paratism, mutualism, commensalism

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3
Q

competitive exclusion

A

local elimination of the inferior competitor, often a reproductive advantage causes this

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4
Q

ecological niche

A

the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment.

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5
Q

resource partitioning

A

the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community, different species will live in one place and separate the resources accordingly so there isn’t competition, ex. dominican republic lizards

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6
Q

character displacement

A

the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than in allopatric populations of two species

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7
Q

exploitation

A

any interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species, which is harmed by the interaction. ex. predation, herbivory, paratism

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8
Q

predation

A

interaction between species in which one species kills and eats the other

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9
Q

predator adaptations

A

claws, teeth, fans, stingers, poison

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10
Q

prey adaptations

A

coloration- cryptic (camo) mimicry(batesian vs mullerian), poisons, behavioral adaptations

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11
Q

prey behavior adapptations

A

hiding, fleeing, schools/groups, self defense, alarm calls

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12
Q

herbivore adaptations

A

chemical sensors, offactory, specialized teeth, specialized digestive system

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13
Q

plant adaptations

A

molecule level defense, cellular level defense, organ level defense

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14
Q

paratism

A

where one organism derives nourishment from a host

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15
Q

mutualism

A

interspecific interaction that benefits both species

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16
Q

commensalism

A

an interaction where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

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17
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless species mimics a harmful species it is not closely related to

18
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

two or more species will resemble eacother, one is unpalatable

19
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites that feed on the internal body of their host

20
Q

ectoparasites

A

feed on the external surface of a host

21
Q

positive interactions

A

a term that refers to an interaction in which at least one species benefits and neither is harmed

22
Q
A
23
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community, deals with species richness and relative abundance

24
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species in the communityr

25
Q

relative abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

26
Q

importance of diversity

A

more productive and more stable, better able to withstand and recover from environmental stress, more resistant to invasive species

27
Q

energetic hypothesis

A

suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer, explains why food chains are so short because energy is so low at the end

28
Q

dynamic stability hypothesis

A

proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones

29
Q

dominant species

A

species that are the most abundant or that collectivley have the highest biomass, example is american chestnut tree, can have large effecst and can not

30
Q

keystone species

A

not usually abundant in a community but they exert a strong control, example is coral

31
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

species that dramatically alter their environment, ex. beaver

32
Q

food web

A

a group of food chains that are linked together

33
Q

trophic structure

A

the structure and dynamics of a community depend on the feeding relationships between organisms. the transfer of food energy upward from its source in plants and other autotrophs

34
Q

trophic level

A

the position an organisms occupies in a good chain

35
Q

bottom up model

A

a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels, vegetation to herbivores. increasing plant growth will increase biomass.

36
Q

top down model

A

predation mainly controls community organization, also called trophic cascade model

37
Q

pathogens

A

alter community structure locally and globally

38
Q

zoonotic pathogens

A

have been trasnferred from other animals to humans

39
Q

vector

A

how the transfer of pathogens can be direct or thorough an intermediate species

40
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

states that mdoerate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than high or low levels of disturbance