Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene expression

A

process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or RNA

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2
Q

Beadle and Tatum hypothesis

A

one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis, states that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

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3
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA using in information in the DNA, DNA->RNA,

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4
Q

messenger RNA

A

carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein synthesizing machinery of the cell

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5
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA, RNA->Protein, uses ribosomes

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

site of translation, molecular complexes that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

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7
Q

primary transcript

A

initial RNA transcript from any gene

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8
Q

triplet code

A

genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain written in the DNA as a series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide words in mRNA

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9
Q

template strand

A

the strand of DNA that provides the pattern, or template, for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

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10
Q

codons

A

the mRNA nucleotide triplets written in the 5 prime to the 3 prime direction

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11
Q

coding strand

A

nontemplate DNA strand, used when a gene’s sequences is reported

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12
Q

RNA polymerase

A

pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand which elongates the RNA polynucleotide

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13
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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14
Q

terminator

A

in bacteria, the sequence that signals the end of transcription

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15
Q

transcription unit

A

the stretch of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

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16
Q

transcription factors

A

in eukaryotes, mediates the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

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17
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

where the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II are bound to

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18
Q

TATA box

A

a promoter crucial in forming the initiation complex

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19
Q

RNA processing

A

both ends of the primary transcript are altered

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20
Q

5 prime cap

A

a modified form of a guanine nucleotide

21
Q

poly A tail

A

the “3 prime cap”, modified preMRNA, modified adenine

22
Q

what do 5 prime cap and poly A tail do

A

facilitate the export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus

23
Q

RNA splicing

A

large portions of the RNA molecules are removed and the remaining portions are reconnected

24
Q

introns

A

noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions called intervening sequences, they go OUT

25
Q

exons

A

regions that are translated into amino acid sequences, go IN

26
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

27
Q

spliceosome

A

large complex made of proteins and small RNAs that removes introns

28
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

genes that can give rise to two or more different polypeptides depending on which segments are used as exons

29
Q

transfer RNA

A

RNA that transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome, can translate an mRNA codon into a given amino acid

30
Q

anticodon

A

the particular nucleotide triplet that base pairs to a specific mRNA codon

31
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

the enzyme that finds the correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid

32
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

RNA made of ribosomes

33
Q

3 stages of translation

A

ribosome association and initiation of translation, elongation of the polypeptide chain, termination of translation

34
Q

P site

A

holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

35
Q

A site

A

holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

36
Q

E site

A

discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome, eject site

37
Q

signal peptide

A

targets the protein the the ER

38
Q

signal recognition particle

A

recognizes the signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosomes

39
Q

poly ribosomes or polysomes

A

enable a cell to rapidly make many copies of a polypeptide

40
Q

mutations

A

changes to genetic information of a cell

41
Q

point mutations

A

changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

42
Q

nucleotide-pair substitutions

A

replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

43
Q

silent mutations

A

mutation that has no observable effect on the phenotype

44
Q

missense mutations

A

substitutions that change one amino acid to another

45
Q

nonsense mutation

A

when a codon for an amino acid is changed into a stop codon, lead to nonfunctional proteins

46
Q

insertions and deletions

A

have disastrous effects on the resulting protein more often that substitutions

47
Q

frameshift mutation

A

occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

48
Q

mutagens

A

agents that interact with DNA in a way that causes mutations