Evolution and Diversity

Question 1

Microbes

Answer 1

often single celled organism from the three domains from life
-not always single celled

Question 2

RNA world hypothesis

Answer 2

within the environmen some stable compartments with high concentrations of organic building blocks
-RNA bases paired with each other to go through and continue replicating RNA
-Some evolutionary forces kicked in such as improved replication, simple functions (stability, binding other molecules) and more complex functions (enzymes)

Question 3

flow chart of RNA world hypothesis

Answer 3

Question 4

evidence of RNA world hypothesis

Answer 4

-RNA can form intricate stable strcutres that can bind and carry out wide range of chemical reactions
-Protein are still made today using RNA components
-Many apparent relics from the RNA world (ribozymes and riboswitches, ribsosomes)

Question 5

LUCA

Answer 5

-last universal common ancestor
-dont know what it was
-presumed features include DNA replication, transcription translation and cell division
-ATP served as energy itermediate,
-lipid bilayer membrane
-anaerobic metabolism using H2 as energy and CO2 as carbon
-limited number of genes in all modern organisms are all or presumably from LUCA

Question 6

chemotroph

Answer 6

derive energy from releasing bond energy from chemical compounds

Question 7

phototroph

Answer 7

-absorbs light and transforms it into chemical energy

Question 8

what was the earth for the first 2 billion years

Answer 8

anoxic

Question 9

what gave rise to ocygen in the atomosphere

Answer 9

-cyanobacteria producing oxygen as a waste product through oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 10

what gave rise to aerobic organisms

Answer 10

-oxygen as a great electron acceptor
-efficient energy production using ocygen and made it more complex (beneficial)

Question 11

endosymbiont theory

Answer 11

-eukarya lineage evolved from an arhea like ancestor that engulfed an aerobic respiring bacterium (phylum alphaproteobacteria)
-became an endosymbiont and ultimately mitochondria for efficient energy production
-transferred many bacterial genes into host organism
-plants emerged as a second event, when photosynthetic bacterium (cyanobacterium) became basis for chloroplast

Question 12

endosymbiont theory diagram

Answer 12

Question 13

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 13

-dna replication, transciption and translation machinery of eukaryotes more similar to archea than bacteria
-mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes, ribosomes and tRNA
-mitochondria and chloroplastsa machinery are bacterial

Question 14

is earth mostly microbial

Answer 14

yes, for most of earths history is has been a microbial planet
-despite their small size, mirobes make up a significant amount of biomass on earth

Question 15

communities of microbes

Answer 15

-microbes live in complex and competitive communities
-microbial interactions take all life forms
-communiities can evolve quickly and fierce battles over nutrients
-competition drives evolution and diversity

Question 16

humans and microbes too

Answer 16

-microbes inhavit out bodies
-our bodies have the same number of microbial and human cells
-more microbial genes than human genes

Question 17

microbes shapes and sizes

Question 18

microbes and disease

Answer 18

-we have made great strides in combating microbial disease
-AMR

Question 19

ways to use microbes

Answer 19

-wastewater treatment
-bioremediation
-biofilms
-biotechnolgoy
-fermentation
-biofuels